The Advantages of the Photolysis of Hydrogen Peroxide Utilizing LED Light as a Hydroxyl Radical-Based Disinfection Methodology for Photoeradication of Dental Plaque Biofilms

Review Article

Austin J Dent. 2j014;1(1): 1002.

The Advantages of the Photolysis of Hydrogen Peroxide Utilizing LED Light as a Hydroxyl Radical-Based Disinfection Methodology for Photoeradication of Dental Plaque Biofilms

Stamatacos C1* and Hottel TL2

1Department of Restorative Dentistry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, USA

2Department of Prosthodontics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, USA

*Corresponding author: Stamatacos C, Department of Restorative Dentistry, University of Tennessee, College of Dental Medicine, 875 Union Avenue, Memphis, Tennessee 38163, USA

Received: April 22, 2014; Accepted: April 25, 2014; Published: April 28, 2014

Abstract

The selective “targeting” of cells utilizing dye photosensitizes inherent in the conventional PDT paradigm was originally developed for eukaryotic (mammalian) cells and tissues. However, this methodology and the confusing array of protocols associated with its use may not be the best approach in eradicating prokaryotic (bacterial) cells in dental biofilm microenvironments.

The Photolysis of H2O2 utilizing LED light produces a more “global” eradication of microbes via the production of the lethal hydroxyl radical. This may be a more desirable approach, in part; due to the unique and structured way “pioneer” microbes form and grow in the oral plaque. Several dental researchers have investigated this methodology and have had notable success.

It is proposed that the search for different dye photosensitizes, corresponding light sources and their affinities for different phenotypes of bacteria in oral plaque biofilm is overcome by utilizing the Photolysis of H2O2 to create hydroxyl radicals. The advantages of the use of the photolysis of H20 with LED light versus conventional Photodynamic Therapy (PDT) as it applies to oral plaque biofilms are discussed.

Keywords: Photodynamic therapy; Antibacterial photodynamic therapy; Photodynamic antimicrobial chemotherapy; Photodynamic disinfection; Photolysis; Hydrogen peroxide

Introduction

Photodynamic Therapy (PDT) involves the activation of certain chemicals or dyes (photosensitizes) by light in the presence of oxygen producing reactive radicals that are capable of inducing cell death [1] and eradicating cariogenic bacteria due to the systems antimicrobial properties [2–7].

There are two mechanisms in the conventional PDT methodology by which the excited state photosensitize can react with bimolecular [1]. The Type I mechanism results in the production of highly Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS)(superoxide, hydroxyl radicals, hydrogen peroxide) [8]. Type II reactions produce the highly reactive state of oxygen known as singlet oxygen [1,8] (Figure 1). Type II reactions have been historically accepted as the major pathway in microbial cell destruction.