Symptomology of the Main Fungal Diseases of the Tomato (Lycopersicon Esculentum) and Its Management

Review Article

Austin J Plant Bio. 2023; 9(1): 1035.

Symptomology of the Main Fungal Diseases of the Tomato (Lycopersicon Esculentum) and Its Management

Meryama Moustaine¹; Benkirane Rachid¹; El Kahkahi Rahal²*

¹Laboratoire des Productions Végétales, Animales et Agro-industrie, Equipe de Botanique, Biotechnologie et Protection des Plantes, Faculté des Sciences, Université-Ibn Tofail- Kénitra-Maroc, Morocco

²Laboratory of Plant Biotechnology and Molecular Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University Moulay Ismail, Morocco

*Corresponding author: El Kahkahi Rahal Laboratory of Plant Biotechnology and Molecular Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University Moulay Ismail, Morocco. Email: [email protected]

Received: June 07, 2023 Accepted: July 05, 2023 Published: July 12, 2023

Abstract

The tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) is the second most important vegetable crop after the potato in the world. It is a hot season crop; it requires a warm and cool climate. The plant is strongly affected by unfavorable climatic conditions. The warm and cool climatic conditions offer an ideal condition for the development of many diseases of leaf plants, stems and soils. The main fungal diseases of the tomato are: Damping of seedlings, Downy mildew, Alternaria, Gray mold, Septriosis, Powdery mildew, Root and crown rot, Fusarium wilt, Verticillium wilt, Cladosporiosis, Corky root, Sclerotiniosis, Anthracnosis, Pink rot and Stemphyliosis. In our work wa have cited for each disease the main symptoms and their of control.

Keywords: Lycopercicon esculentum; Funal disease; Control; Climatic conditions and symptoms

Introduction

Market gardening is considered a main food resource on a global scale. The current food situation in Morocco requires better management of the improvement of the agricultural production of large consumption of tomatoes, from an agronomic point of view these crops are easy and from a commercial point of view, they are very appreciated by the Moroccan populations. In Morocco, tomato cultivation ranks second among crops for export, which gives it great economic importance for the country. It comes among vegetable crops, first occupying an overall area of 15,239 ha, which gives the country a total production of 1,231,250 tons per year [45]. The tomato plays an important socio-economic role. Economically, tomato exports occupy an important place since they bring in nearly 1.1 billion Dirhams in foreign currency. On the social level, the sector generates jobs since it creates an average of 9 million working days per year, at the level of production but also packaging and processing [7].

Worldwide, tomato ranks second after potato in both production and consumption [81]. The consumption of tomato fruits contributes to a healthy and balanced diet. Fruits are rich in minerals, vitamins, essential amino acids, sugars and dietary fiber. Tomato contains a lot of vitamins B and C, iron and phosphorus [34]. Tomatoes are eaten fresh in salads or cooked in sauces, soups or meat or poison dishes. It is possible to process them into puree, juice and ketchup [92].

Several works have been carried out to identify the procession of tomato enemies and estimate the losses caused [6, 44, 2, 33,113, 8, 56, and 70]. Diseases associated with tomato cultivation can attack different plant organs (leaves, fruits or roots) and cause considerable damage to the harvest. Fungi, viruses and pathogenic bacteria lead to a significant reduction in the quality and yield of this culture [52]. Fungal diseases are contagious diseases and can spread from plant to plant in the field, often very quickly when environmental conditions are right. Some of the most common fungal diseases that infect tomatoes include Damping off, Downy mildew, Alternaria, Gray mold, Septriosis, Powdery mildew, Root and crown rot, Fusarium wilt, Verticillium wilt, Cladosporiosis, corky root, sclerotinia, anthracnose, pink rot and stemphyliosis.

Damping off: can appear from germination, as soon as the radicle has taken some development, and continues to threaten seedlings in various stages of development for one or two months, from spring to the end of June. The dangerous period corresponds above all to the phase during which the tissues of the stem and the root are not yet lignified. Usually the first symptom of the disease is the appearance near the surface of the soil, at the junction of the stem and the root, of a black spot which extends upwards, at this level the damaged tissues and softened lose their rigidity, the seedling bends, then sags on the ground, withers and dries up. Simultaneously, as the disease progresses downward, the roots become soft and rot. The evolution of the disease is rapid, the still very tenuous seedlings become, once dried, difficult to see: they "melt" in a way. Damping off can be caused by various fungi including Pythium spp., Rhizoctonia spp, Fusarium spp and Phytophthora spp [28,63,82].

Table 1: Integrated management of the main fungal diseases of tomato.





  

    
Diseases

    
Prophylactic control

    
Chemical control

    
Biological control

  

  

    
 

      
Damping    off

    
    
      
  • Use    certified seeds
    • 
      
  • Provide optimal growth    conditions (Fertilization and irrigation)
    • 
      
  • Crop    rotation
    • 
      
  • Eliminate    diseased plants [76]
    • 
    

    
    
      
  • Soak the seeds with 0.2%    copper oxychloride or 1% Bordeaux mixture.
    • 
      
  • Spray seeds with 0.2%    metalaxyl on cloudy days [76]
    • 
    

    
Use    of Bacillus spp. and Trichoderma Harzianum KRL-AG2 [111]

  

  

    
 

      
Mildew

    
    
      
  • Eliminate    sources of inoculum
    • 
      
  • Control    weeds
    • 
      
  • Remove    and bury infected tissue
    • 
      
  • Use certified and healthy    seeds [107]
    • 
    

    
Spraying    with 0.2% mancozeb or captafol 0.2% matalaxyl [49]

    
Use    of plant extracts against Phytophthora    infestans [39]

  

  

    
 

      
Early    blight

    
    
      
  • Crop rotation should be long    (3 to 4 years)
    • 
      
  • Use more    resistant cultivars
    • 
      
  • Good    ventilation of the plantations
    • 
      
  • Good    soil drainage [50]
    • 
    

    
The    use of fungicides, including azoxystrobin, maneb, potassium bicarbonate or    hydrogen peroxide [50]

    
Use    of Trichoderma sp against    Alternatiosis of tomato [20]

  

  

    
 

      
Gray    mold

    
    
      
  • Reason    fertilization
    • 
      
  • Reduce    plant density
    • 
      
  • Eliminate    crop residues
    • 
      
  • Use    resistant cultivars [105]
    • 
    

    
Use anti-botrytis fungicides: Benzimidazoles,    Dicarboximides and triazole [55]

    
Spray    plants with Trichoderma Harzianum or Gliocladium roreum fungus and Clonostachys rosea Gliocladium [91]

  

  

    
 

      
Septoria

    
    
      
  • Destroy    weeds
    • 
      
  • Use of    resistant cultivars
    • 
      
  • Crop    rotation (1 to 2 years)
    • 
      
  • Good    fertilization [68]
    • 
    

    
Seed    treatment with Thiram or Dithane M-45 (2g/kg seed), Spraying Mancozeb 0.2% in    the field [87]

    
Use of Condida    oleophila, Condida tenuis and Pseudomonas puitida against septriosis    [87]

  

  

    
 

      
Tomato    powdery mildew

    
    
      
  • Destroy    infected tissue
    • 
      
  • Choose    resistant varieties
    • 
      
  • Avoid watering at the end of    the day
    • 
      
  • Remove    crop residues
    • 
      
  • Avoid    excess nitrogen [46]
    • 
    

    
Acrobat    WG, Sandomyl WP and FolioGold for effective disease control [81]

    
Use    of Trichoderma asperellum and Metarhizium anisopliae against this    disease [85]

  

  

    
 

      
Root    and crown rot

    
    
      
  • Ensure    balanced fertilization
    • 
      
  • Crop rotation should be long    (3 to 4 years)
    • 
      
  • Use of more resistant    cultivar [10]
    • 
    

    
Soil    disinfection using fungicides, the most used of which triazole and its    derivatives + Seed are soaking with carbendazim (0.1%) [55]

    
Use    of Pseudomonas spp. fluorescent and non-pathogenic    Fusarium against the disease [13,4]

  

  

    
 

      
Fusarium wilt

    
    
      
  • Use    resistant varieties
    • 
      
  • Soil    solarization
    • 
      
  • Rationalize    fertilization and irrigation [60]
    • 
    

    
Several    fungicides are used to fight against this disease (Benomyl, Carbendazim,    Prochloraz, Fludioxonil, bromuconazole and azoxystrobin [5]

    
Use    of Trichoderma harzianum, Streptomyces griseoviridis K61 against    Fusarium wilt [111]

  

  

    
 

      
Verticilliose

    
    
      
  • Long    rotations (4 years)
    • 
      
  • Weed    removal
    • 
      
  • Use of    healthy transplants
    • 
      
  • Ensure    adequate fertilization [14]
    • 
    

    
    
      
  • Spot    soaking with Carbendazim (0.1%) or Benomyl (0.05%)
    • 
      
  • Soil fumigation with methyl bromide plus chloropicrin    [54]
    • 
    

    
Use    of Trichoderma asperellum, Trichoderma virens, Trichoderma harzianum,    Trichoderma atroviride against verticillium wilt [29,40]

  

  

    
 

      
Cladosporiosis

    
    
      
  • Remove    plant debris
    • 
      
  • Use    resistant varieties
    • 
      
  • Ventilate    shelters
    • 
      
  • Crop    rotation [18]
    • 
    

    
Use    of fungicides: Chlorothalonil, Mancozeb and Copper fungicide [18]

    
Use    of Trichoderma harzianum, Hansfordia pulvinata and Bacillus subtilis strains against Passalora fulva [16]

  

  

    
 

      
Corky    root

    
    
      
  • Avoid successions favorable    to maintaining the inoculum (Lettuce-Tomato)
    • 
      
  • Use    resistant varieties [48]
    • 
    

    
Use    of fungicides: Acibenzolar-S-methyl, Strobilurins, Azoxystrobin and    Trifloxystrobin against this disease [22]

    
Use    of Trichoderma harzianum and Streptomyces griseoviridis K61 against    corky root [111]

  

  

    
 

      
 

      
Sclerotiniosis

    
    
      
  • Prefer well-drained and    aerated soils
    • 
      
  • Rotate    crops (3 to 5 years)
    • 
      
  • Effective    weed control
    • 
      
  • Reduce    plant foliage density [86]
    • 
    

    
    
      
  • Use copper-based fungicides (Cuprex garden, Bordeaux    mixture Naturen)
    • 
      
  • Carbendazim    is a fungicide widely used to control disease [116]
    • 
    

      
 

    
Use    of Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus spp. against Sclerotinia [51, 83, 93,109]

  

  

    
 

      
 

      
Anthracnose

    
    
      
  • Use    certified healthy seeds
    • 
      
  • Encourage    rotation (3 to 5 years)
    • 
      
  • Effective    weed control
    • 
      
  • Deep plowing after harvest    helps bury crop residues and promote their decomposition [3]
    • 
    

    
Benzimidazoles, Strobilurins,

      Dicarboximides    and Demethylation are fungicides used against the disease [113]

    
Use    of Streptomyces sp.A1022, Streptomyces spp., Bacillus spp. against anthracnose [71,    93, 24]

  

  

    
 

      
Pink rot

    
 

    
Azoxystrobin,    Dimethomorph, Tebuconazole and Triflumizole are fungicides used against the    disease [113]

    
Use    of extracts from the leaves of Ajuga bracteosa, Taraxacum officinale, Mentha arvensis and Iris kashmiriana

      Against this disease [75]

  

  

    
 

      
Stemphyliosis

    
    
      
  • Destroys    plant debris
    • 
      
  • Use    resistant varieties
    • 
      
  • Long    spin
    • 
    

    
Flusilazole,    flusilazole famoxadone and mancozeb are very effective against the disease    [117]

    
Use    of extracts of fifty plants to fight Stemphyliosis [9]

  










Table 1: Integrated management of the main fungal diseases of tomato.

Mildew (Late Blight): caused by Phytophthora infestans, formerly classified as a fungus (Berkeley, 1846; de Bary, 1876). This disease can devastate tomato crops during cool, rainy periods. Mildew can attack all aerial organs of the plant. It manifests as necrotic, irregular, rapidly expanding spots surrounded by a livid margin. On the stems we see brown areas that can encircle them. Marbled brown mildewed fruits, irregularly bumpy on the surface[57]. The disease develops when nights are cool and crops are wet from rain. The risks are greatest at the end of the rainy season around May-June [57].

Early blight: the fungus responsible is Alternaria dauci f. sp. solani or Alternaria tomatophila. Early blight is a widespread disease in field tomatoes and sometimes in greenhouse tomatoes grown in soil and in artificial substrates. Alternaria solani also infects potato, eggplant and nightshade family weeds [110]. In greenhouse tomatoes, this disease affects older leaves, but it is also found on stems and ripening fruits [101]. The leaf spots are round, dark brown to black, about 1cm in diameter and are easily recognized by the concentric rings or zones (zone spots) they form. Rings may not appear on lesions at the edge of the leaf. On stems, twigs and peduncles, the lesions are black, enlarge, later lengthen and sometimes encircle them. On the fruit, the lesions first appear around a stalk, wound or crack, rapidly enlarge and form black, sunken, leathery patches. If the defoliation is significant, unprotected fruits may suffer sunscald [101].

Gray mold: caused by Botrytis cinerea, gray mold is a common disease in tomato crops under cover [30,42]. The symptoms observable on flowers, fruits, stems, leaves, generally result in rotting of the infected tissues, followed by the appearance of a gray felting due to a significant production of spores [41,112,18]. Botrytis cinerea can cause significant yield losses by weakening plants and destroying them [35].

Septoria leaf spot: This disease caused by Septoria hycopersici [88]. This pathogen manifests itself as small spots with angular outlines, pale in the centers, bordered by a brown line. Small black dots presented by pycnidia are found on their surface. Affected leaves first curl, then dry out and fall off, leading to severely hampered vegetation [85,77]. The disease is favored by rain, which disperses the germs of the fungus. It is especially important in the rainy season [43].

Oidium: caused by Leveillula taurica (Arnaud) and Oïdium neolycopersici (Pseudoidium neolycopersici) [23,11,96,32,26,78, 74,66], which causes spots on leaves quite characteristic of oidium [66]. These are powdery and white and rather cover the upper side of the tomato leaflets. The affected tissues become chlorotic, brown locally and eventually become necrotic. Comparable spots can be seen on the stem[31,108,95]. The fruits do not seem to be affected [18].

Fusarium wilt (Fusarium wilt): caused by Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. lycopersici [104]. This fungus only attacks certain cultivars. Plants infected with this soil fungus show leaf yellowing and wilting spreading from the base of the stem [19]. Initially, symptoms are only visible on a set.

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Citation:Moustaine M, Rachid B, Rahal EK. Symptomology of the Main Fungal Diseases of the Tomato (Lycopersicon Esculentum) and Its Management. Austin J Plant Bio. 2023; 9(1): 1035.