Coloration of Polyamide-6, 6 Fabric with Carbon Black Nano Particle for Camouflage Textiles of Simultaneous Spectrum Probe in Visible and Near Infrared

    

    

    Figure 2: Experimental platform of CBNP formulation and coloration on PA-6,6 fabric.
    

Testing Machines and Methods of Optical Analysis

CIE, color parameters (L*, a*, b*) were measured by Hunter lab reflectance spectrophotometer, Color Flex EZ; model, 45/0 LAV; under testing conditions with geometry, 45°/0°; viewing area, large; D65 illuminant/10°standard observer; room temperature, 18°C [4,23,38]. Colorflex EZ was used for the measurement of CIE color parameters of L*, a*, b* and ΔE; reflection (%) and Kubelka-Munk (K-M) reflection. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, PerkinElmer was used for assessment of reflection (%) and K-M reflection in .5 nm distance [3,38]. Hence, two different geometries of spectroscopic illumination such as specular and diffuse reflection were performed for measurement of Vis-NIR optical properties of CBNP modified PA-6,6 fabric.

Kubelka Munk Reflection Measurement in Vis-NIR Spectrums

K-M and Lord Rayleigh’s law are related to refractive index versus wavelength based on assuming two different parameters. K-M theory is mostly defined for particle size and wavelength. As per K-M theory, scattering coefficients are constant throughout the sample of same particle size [39]. Therefore, Vis-K-M-specular reflection and NIR-K-M-diffuse reflection were tested for CBNP dyed and undyed PA-6,6 fabric [36].

Vis-K-M-specular reflection of untreated and treated PA-6,6 fabric samples were determined by K/S equation.

Where, Where, K = coefficient of absorption, S = coefficient of scattering, R_λmax = reflectance of the substrate at maximum absorbance wavelength, C_CBNP = concentration of nano particle [19, 40-44].

NIR-K-M-diffuse reflection of untreated and treated PA-6,6 fabric samples were also measured by K/S equation [3].

K/S = (1-R8)2/2R 8 C_CBNP

where K and S represents absorption and scattering coefficients respectively, and R8 denotes reflectance factor from fabric surface, C_CBNP = concentration of nano particle [32,75].

Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)

A table microscope SEM machine, TM4000/TM4000Plus, Hitachi, Japan and SC7620 sputter coater (Figure SI 2), Quorum, UK were used under 25 magnification, 100 magnification, 500 magnification; and 15KV power selection for each scanning. Three categories of acid modified raw CBNP and water modified raw CBNP were scanned by SEM. Acid and water diluted CBNP samples were simply dried in closed chamber at selected temperature and cooled before SEM scanning. RGB intensity of SEM image was measured by ImageJ software to signify oxidation property. The highest CBNP visible area of SEM image was selected by rectangular method, width = 15 pixels and height = 18 pixels under the distances from 0 to 15 pixels captured by ImageJ software. The standardized RGB intensity was followed from the value of 0 to 255. The plot profile of grey value was also generated under the constant parameters of distances from 0 to 80 pixels captured by ImageJ software; area selected by rectangular method, width = 100 pixels and height = 100 pixels; the standardized intensity of grey value from 0 to 255. The intensity value of 0 denotes minimum intensity/black and the intensity value of 255 denotes maximum intensity/white [10].

It was almost unachievable to generate contrast electron imaging of CBNP dyed and undyed PA-6,6 fabric due to fine particle and lacking of structural deviation. For CBNP dyed and undyed fabric, a thin film thickness of carbon coating was achieved by sputter coater for SEM scanning. Additionally, SEM scanning without carbon coating was also trialed for CBNP dyed and undyed fabric for comparison of electron imaging shown in supporting information, figure SI 1.

Potassium Bromide (KBr) free Diffuse Reflection Measurement by Fourier Transform infrared Spectrometry in Near Infrared Spectrums from 1000 nm to 2500 nm

PerkinElmer is a common manufacturer of Infrared (IR) spectroscopy. This company has different model of IR spectroscopy with versatile configuration of sample port. Every sample port has different mechanism of scanning as directed in application note. In transmission mode, light directed through the sample and captured spectra by the system. So, KBr matrix is used for more accurate result as non-absorbing principle where internal particle is a major influencing factor for optical principle of transmission. KBr matrix is also suitable material for fixing sample in sample port for standardization of optical scanning. KBr is more likely implemented for sample measurement in Medium Infrared (MIR), 2500 nm-25000 nm. KBr is non absorbing material in MIR. Oppositely in reflection mode, light reflected from the surface of the target sample. Diffuse reflectance is a matter of structural geometry on surface area. So, KBr matrix is not a matter of invalid result where reflection of internal particle is very negligible influencing factor. Refractive index of KBr may also issue of reflection accuracy in NIR. As per K-M theory, scattering coefficients are mostly depends on particle size, not absorption. It is also predicted that if particle size is zero, scattering coefficient is also zero [39]. Absorption in the NIR is typically about 100 times weaker than MIR. The very weak absorptions in NIR are reported as small changes in refractive index. KBr is zero absorbance material which minimize the interference of reflection when absorbency is measured in MIR [47]. In this experimentation, CBNP is an IR absorbing material. The penetration depth of diffuse reflection is almost zero for high IR absorbing materials. Furthermore, this experimentation has been defined for coefficients of reflection. Machine has specific glass vial designed as sample port. In NIR spectroscopy, the core mechanism is glass sample port which is covered by sample cup to create reflection environment under a specified black standard termed as ‘spectralon reflection’. Absorption and transmission of rays are not creating reflection of sample. These rays are not participating to make a spectral signal as diffuse reflection [39,47-49]. The whole mechanism is occurring underneath the glass vial. The sample port has sapphire/crystal window to capture reflection of sample. Therefore, KBr free measurement of CBNP dyed and undyed PA-6,6 fabric was experimented for diffuse reflectance measurement in NIR spectrums [4,50].

Results and Dscussion

SEM Characterization of Raw CBNP under Heating and Cooling Mechanism to Signify Low Rreflection Property

Figure 3a, NA modified CBNP; figure 3b, RGB intensity of NA modified CBNP; Figure 3c, NA modified and oxidized CBNP after two-hour heating in closed chamber at 100°C; Figure 3d, RGB intensity of NA modified and oxidized CBNP after two-hour heating in closed chamber at 100°C; Figure 3e, water modified CBNP; Figure 3f, RGB intensity of water modified CBNP; Figure 3g, water modified and oxidized CBNP after two-hour heating in closed chamber at 100°C; Figure 3h, RGB intensity of water modified and oxidized CBNP after two-hour heating in closed chamber at 100°C; Figure 3i, water diluted CBNP before heating; Figure 3j, RGB intensity of water diluted CBNP before heating; Figure 3k, water diluted and oxidized CBNP after two-hour heating in closed chamber at 100°C; Figure 3l, RGB intensity of water diluted CBNP after two-hour heating in closed chamber at 100°C. Figure 3c, 3g; aggregation of CBNP reduces the surface area due to adsorption of nitrogen. Aggregated CBNP looks like blister in electron imaging. Heated CBNP blister looks comparatively darker than without heated CBNP blister, shown in figure 3c, 3g and 3k. CBNP looks darker due to the enhancement of COOH group on CBNP surface relates to the mechanism of heating-oxidation-COOH formation. NA treatment on CBNP may generate hydrophilicity of CBNP. The particle size of water modified CBNP is lower, shown in figure 3e and 3g and comparatively higher in acid modified CBNP due to hydrophilicity nature of NA modified CBNP shown in figure 3a and 3d. The tendency of aggregation is comparatively higher of acid modified CBNP due to fusing and covalent bond between molecule to molecule [31,34,51,52]. Particle size of CBNP also influences dye aggregation. Higher particle size has a tendency of higher CBNP aggregation due to hydrophilicity nature. RGB intensity of SEM image also signifies lower intensity of oxidized CBNP. RGB intensity of oxidized CBNP, 3d<RGB intensity of non-oxidized CBNP, 3b; RGB intensity of oxidized CBNP, 3h<RGB intensity of non-oxidized CBNP, 3f; RGB intensity of oxidized CBNP, 3l<RGB intensity of non-oxidized CBNP, 3j. Due to oxidation property of CBNP, the RGB intensity of heated CBNP was comparatively lower mentioned in figure 3d, 3h, 3l than the RGB intensity of without heated CBNP mentioned in figure 3b, 3f, 3j [31,53]. This evidence of CBNP oxidation supports for the applications of low reflection chromatic property. Chromatic aberration relates to electron energy. Every image has RGB chromatic hue. Figure 3 denotes the RGB intensity in the form of black and white chromatic hue. Figure 3 explained with ImageJ software for clarification. Therefore, CBNP oxidation and low reflection chromatic property has been discussed by SEM. The optical theory of image formation between diffused reflection and scattered electron has almost similar action to form an image although the mechanical properties are completely different. Photon relates to reflection for optical imaging. Electron relates to electron imaging in SEM.

Figure 3: SEM morphology versus RGB intensity of water and acid modified raw CBNP to signify oxidation property.

    

    

    Figure 3: SEM morphology versus RGB intensity of water and acid modified raw CBNP to signify oxidation property.
    

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Structural Characterization of PA-6,6 Dyed Fabric with CBNP

Figure 4, structural differences relates to the deviation of dyed fabric surface. In general, nano-dyed fabric shows minor deviation in SEM scanning due to unchanging of fabric structure [54]. Figure 4a, SEM morphology of untreated PA-6,6 fabric; Figure 4a1, SEM morphology versus grey value intensity of untreated PA-6,6 fabric; figure 4b, CBNP dyed PA-6,6 fabric with FM-1, P^H:0; figure 4b1, grey value intensity of CBNP dyed PA-6,6 fabric with FM-1, P^H:0; figure 4c, CBNP dyed PA-6,6 fabric with FM -2, P^H:1; figure 4c1, grey value intensity of CBNP dyed PA-6,6 fabric with FM-2, P^H:1; figure 4d, CBNP dyed PA-6,6 fabric with FM-3; P^H:2; figure 4d1, grey value intensity of CBNP dyed PA-6,6 fabric with FM-3, P^H:2; figure 4e, CBNP dyed PA-6,6 fabric with FM-4; P^H:3; figure 4e1, grey value intensity of CBNP dyed PA-6,6 fabric with FM-4, P^H:3; figure 4f, CBNP dyed PA-6,6 fabric with FM-5, P^H:4; figure 4f1, grey value intensity of CBNP dyed PA-6,6 fabric with FM-5, P^H:4; figure 4g, CBNP dyed PA-6,6 fabric with FM-6, P^H:5; figure 4g1, grey value intensity of CBNP dyed PA-6,6 fabric with FM-6, P^H:5; figure 4h, CBNP dyed PA-6,6 fabric with FM-7, P^H:6; figure 4h1, grey value intensity of CBNP dyed PA-6,6 fabric with FM-7, P^H:6. The electron imaging of dyed fabric is not standardized way for adsorption of CBNP measurement on PA-6,6 fabric surface. Electron image of dyed and undyed PA-6,6 fabric is not able to compare clearly due to minor structural deviation. There is enormous lacking of significant deviation between dyed and undyed PA-6,6 fabric when structural deviation of knitted fabric looks almost unchanged after dyeing. Hence, it is so tough to identify the deviation of electron imaging between treated and untreated PA-6,6 fabric due to smooth surface [1,55]. The fluctuation of grey value intensity in electron imaging has also been shown in figure 4b, 4d, 4f, 4h, 4I, 4l for more clarification and signification. The highest variation of grey value intensity of dyed PA-6,6 fabric is noted around ±14 compared with undyed PA-6,6 fabric under the fluctuation of selected pixel area. Oppositely, the lowest variation of grey value intensity of dyed PA-6,6 fabric is also remarked around ±15 compared with undyed PA-6,6 fabric under the fluctuation of selected pixel area. Accordingly, it can be noted that FM-1, FM-2, FM-3, FM-4 have minor presence of CBNP; and FM-5, FM-6, FM-7 have maximum presence of CBNP due to optimum level of acidic PH. PA-6,6 fibre forming polymer has free volume in the polymer chain which may retain CBNP through diffusion technique in dyebath when temperature of dyebath raises above Tg [29]. Under this consequence of electron imaging of dyed and undyed PA-6,6 fabric, the air permeability may have in acceptable range without blocking the significant area of fabric pore for clothing comfort. Minor structural deviation in electron imaging signifies the finer particle size which may increase the air permeability. The property of air permeability is the core requirement for defence uniform [1].

Figure 4: SEM morphology versus grey value intensity; undyed PA-6,6 fabric (a), CBNP dyed PA-6,6 fabric (b-h) and grey value intensity (a1-h1).

    

    

    Figure 4: SEM morphology versus grey value intensity; undyed PA-6,6 fabric (a), CBNP dyed PA-6,6 fabric (b-h) and grey value intensity (a1-h1).
    

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Figure 5, comparison of CIE color value of undyed PA-6,6 fabric and CBNP dyed PA-6,6 fabric with FM-1, P^H:0; FM-2, P^H:1; FM-3, P^H:2; FM-4, P^H:3; FM-5, P^H:4; FM-6, P^H:5 and FM-7, P^H:6. L*, a*, b* values are slightly lower for FM-04 and higher for FM-7 due to deviation of existing CBNP on PA-6,6 fabric surface. Color difference, ΔE is almost similar of all formulated CBNP dyed PA-6,6 fabric rather than FM-1, FM-2 and FM-7 [27,42]. The reaction may happen between -CONH₂ group of PA-6,6 and COOH of oxidized CBNP at selected temperature, 100°C. The supporting information has been cited in table SI 3.

Figure 5: CIE color value of undyed PA-6,6 fabric and dyed PA-6,6 fabric with formulation 1-7.

    

    

    Figure 5: CIE color value of undyed PA-6,6 fabric and dyed PA-6,6 fabric with formulation 1-7.
    

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Chromatic Assessment of CIE L*, a*, b* and ΔE from 400 nm to 700 nm

Assessment of Reflection (%) in Vis-NIR Spectrums

Figure 6A, comparison of reflection (%) of undyed PA-6,6 fabric and reflection (%) of CBNP dyed PA-6,6 fabric with FM-1, P^H:0; FM-2, P^H:1; FM-3, P^H:2; FM-4, P^H:3; FM-5, P^H:4; FM-6, P^H:5; FM-7, P^H:6. The reflection (%) looks similar when PA-6,6 fabric was dyed with CBNP, FM 1-7. FM-4, PH:3 looks comparatively lower reflection (%) than FM-1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 7. In general, reflection (%) of CBNP dyed PA-6,6 fabric has low reflection property when -CONH₂ group of PA-6,6 is modified by the chromatic property of COOH presence in CBNP. It is a suitable property for camouflage formulation of PA-6,6 fabric [1,21,56]. The supporting information has also been cited in table SI 1.

Figure 6: Vis-NIR reflection (%) of undyed and dyed PA-6,6 fabric with formulation 1-7 Assessment of K-M reflection in Vis-NIR spectrums.

    

    

    Figure 6: Vis-NIR reflection (%) of undyed and dyed PA-6,6 fabric with formulation 1-7 Assessment of K-M reflection in Vis-NIR spectrums.
    

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Figure 6B, comparison of NIR-reflection of undyed PA-6,6 fabric and CBNP dyed PA-6,6 fabric with FM-1, P^H:0; FM-2, P^H:1; FM-3, P^H:2; FM-4, P^H:3; FM-5, P^H:4; FM-6, P^H:5; FM-7, P^H:6. NIR-reflection is comparatively lower for FM 1-7 and remarkly lower for FM-5. CBNP can be formulated for NIR camouflage textiles in terms of low reflection property of CBNP material. Due to lower reflection property of CBNP, the reflection of chromatic compound was not identified by the spectra from 1000 nm to 1700 nm. The reflection of hiding amide group, -CONH₂ was remarked for FM, 1-7. The bending of reflection spectra of untreated PA 6,6 fabric was completely hided for 1200 nm, 1573 nm, 1536 nm and 1750 nm due to the smooth layer of CBNP chromatic compound (COOH, C=O) on the polymeric layer/chain of amide group, -CONH₂ existing in PA-6,6 fabric. The reflection (%) at 1715 nm, 1946 nm, 2052 nm, 2185 nm, 2293 nm, 2375 nm were comparatively lower for CBNP modified PA-6,6 fabric due to chromatic intensity of CBNP on PA 6,6 fabric. The supporting information has been cited in figure SI 3-11 and table SI 5.

Assessment of K-M Reflection in Vis-NIR Spectrums

Figure 7A, comparison of Vis-K-M reflection of undyed PA-6,6 fabric and CBNP dyed PA-6,6 fabric with FM-1, P^H:0; FM-2, P^H:1; FM-3, P^H:2; FM-4, P^H:3; FM-5, P^H:4; FM-6, P^H:5; FM-7, P^H:6. K-M reflection is higher of dyed PA-6,6 fabric; FM-04. The K-M reflection was gradually decreased when the fabric was trialed with higher P^H and lower amount of NA. -CONH₂ group of PA-6,6 fabric is modified by the chromatic property of existing COOH in CBNP. The supporting information has been cited in table SI 2.

Figure 7: Vis-NIR-K-M reflection of undyed and dyed PA-6,6 fabric with formulation 1-7.

    

    

    Figure 7: Vis-NIR-K-M reflection of undyed and dyed PA-6,6 fabric with formulation 1-7.
    

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Figure 7B, NIR-K-M reflection of undyed PA-6,6 fabric and CBNP dyed PA-6,6 fabric with FM-1, P^H:0; FM-2, P^H:1; FM-3, P^H:2; FM-4, P^H:3; FM-5, P^H:4; FM-6, P^H:5; FM-7, P^H:6. Comparison of NIR-K-M reflection is higher for FM-04, and comparatively lower for other formulated PA-6,6 fabric. Higher K-M reflection value identifies the coloring property of CBNP on PA-6,6 fabric. The K-M reflection was gradually increased when the existing -CONH₂ compound of PA-6,6 has been modified by COOH and C=O compound of CBNP. The symmetric bending of spectra has been identified and gradually modified for K-M reflection at 1700-1800 nm, 2000-2100 nm, 2200 nm and 2295 nm. The supporting information has been cited in table SI 4 and figure SI 12.

Conclusion

The theory and approach of simultaneous concealment in Vis-NIR is not still established for camouflage applications. There is ongoing research for Vis camouflage and NIR camouflage individually. There is technical difficulties for development of simultaneous camouflage textiles due to deviation of optical response in Vis-NIR spectrums. The low reflection property is a crucial and common unit of camouflage property against multidimensional CBs in Vis-NIR spectrums. Therefore, low reflection property of CBNP modified dyed fabric has been logically explained in terms of reflection %, K-M reflection in Vis-NIR spectrums. Therefore, figure 8 shows the summarized applications and scope of CBNP modified camouflage textiles for defence applications in Vis-NIR spectrums although modification of chromatic materials and achromatic design depends on specific combat environment.

Figure 8: Expected applications of CBNP modified camouflage textiles.

    

    

    Figure 8: Expected applications of CBNP modified camouflage textiles.
    

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CBNP has coloring property of PA-6,6 fabric under standardized matching of PH in liquid phase oxidation and coloration. CBNP has lower reflection property for simultaneous concealment in Vis-NIR against combat background. The lower reflection property of CBNP dyed PA-6,6 fabric has been supported by the chromatic mechanism of electron imaging; Vis-NIR-reflection (%); Vis-NIR-K-M reflection and CIE L*, a*, b* values. CBNP can also be combined with different dyestuff for color matching against selected combat background. CBNP liquid phase coloration has the feasibility for clothing comfort of defence professional in terms air permeability. This clothing comfort property can be applied for design of defence uniform in addition to camouflage formulation and coloration.

Author Statements

Declaration of Conflicting Interests

The author declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship and/or publication of this article.

Funding

The author received no financial support for the research, authorship and/or publication of this article.

Data Availability

All data generated or analyzed during this experimentation are included in supporting information, Table SI 1-5 and Figure SI 1-12.

Author Contribution

Sole-authorship of Engr. Md. Anowar Hossain

Acknowledgement

Author, Engr. Md. Anowar Hossain [17,57,58] [40] [3,4,10-15,18-21,38,41-44,46,56,59-66] [9,24,67-69] [3-10,18,19,21,23-25,33,38,41,46,56,58,67-81] Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) application ID: 2612540, PhD student ID: 3820066, School of Fashion and Textiles, RMIT University, Melbourne, Australia; Lecturer (study leave), Department of Textile Engineering, City University, Dhaka, Bangladesh acknowledges RMIT University and Australian government for funding through Research Training Program (RTP) stipend scholarship, 2020-2023. Author indebted to ‘Professor (Dr.) Lijing Wang’ for supplying CBNP material from his material laboratory. Author is grateful to ‘Emeritus Professor (Dr.) Robert Shanks’ for his valuable suggestion of polyamide 6,6 fabric selection. Author is also thankful to Mr. Mac Fergusson, Researcher for operation support of dyeing, coating and padding machine in coloration laboratory at PhD School, RMIT University.

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43. Hossain A, Ashis Kumar Samanta, Bhaumik NS, Vankar PS, Shukla D. Organic Colouration and antimicrobial Finishing of Organic Cotton Fabric by Exploiting Distillated Organic Extraction of Organic Tectona grandis and Azardirachta indica with Organic Mordanting Compare to Conventional Inorganic Mordants. Int J Text Sci Eng. 2018; 2018: 1-12.
44. Hossain A, Islam AS, Samanta AK. Pollution free dyeing on cotton fabric extracted from Swietenia macrophylla and Musa acuminata as unpolluted dyes and citrus. Limon (L.) as unpolluted mordanting agent. Trends Text Eng Fashion Technol. 2018; 3: 1-8.
45. Dai S, Pan X, Ma L, Huang X, Du C, Qiao Y, et al. Discovery of the linear region of near infrared diffuse reflectance spectra using the Kubelka-Munk theory. Front Chem. 2018; 6: 154.
46. Hossain MA. Simulation of chromatic and achromatic assessments for camouflage textiles and combat background. J Def Model Simul Appl Methodol Technol. 2022: 1-16.
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54. DP, C. and P. BH, studies on the effect of Nano zinc treatment on jute fabric. J Text Sci Eng. 2015.
55. Eser F, Tutak M, Onal A, Meral B. Dyeing of wool and cotton fabrics with leaves of apple (Malus domestica) tree. J Nat Fibers. 2016; 13: 289-98.
56. Hossain A. Spectral simulation and method design of camouflage textiles for concealment of hyperspectral imaging in UV-vis-IR against multidimensional combat background. J Text Inst. 2021: 1-12.
57. Hossain MA, Nominee N, RMIT University. Camouflage physics; color engineering versus camouflage engineering for defence protection. 25 Dawson Street, Brunswick, Vic: School of Fashion and Textiles, RMIT University-3056. Australia. 2023.
58. Hossain MA. Anowar Hossain’s invention for peace in PhD schooling. 1^st version submitted to Nobel committee for Nobel nomination in 2023 under affiliation of RMIT University. 25 Dawson Street, Brunswick, Melbourne: School of Fashion and Textiles, RMIT University, VIC 3056. Australia. 2023.
59. Hossain MA. Cyclodextrin for aroma finishing on textile substrate-A review article. Int J Sci Eng Investig. 2019; 8.
60. Hossain A, Samanta AK. Cost Minimization in Sample Development and Approval Process by Proper Merchandising Action for kids and Ladies Garments. Trends in textile engineering and fashion technology [online]. USA; 2018.
61. Hossain A, Sun D, Samanta A. Modern Technology versus Rapid Economical Growth in Smart Textiles Incorporated with Encapsulated Phase Change Materials Containing Latent Heat for Special Workers and Extreme Weather Conditions. JResLit. J Sci Technol....pdf. 2019.
62. Hossain A, Samanta A. Effect of variation in different mechanical setting of draft change pinion in Trutzschler carding, machine for cotton and polyester carded slivers. CTFTTE. 2019; 4.
63. Hossain MA. Uster imperfections of 35% cotton and 65% polyester blended yarn for 40Ne, 50Ne and 60Ne ring spun yarn. S Asian Res J Eng Technol. 2019; 1.
64. Hossain MA, Abser MN, Samanta AK. Zero Toxic Approach of Cotton Fabric coloration with Botanical Waste resource via Psidium P. Guajava (Guava Leaves) as Natural Dyes and Citrus Lemon (Lemon Leaves) as Natural Mordanting. Ann Genet. submitted for publication.
65. Hossain MA. Principle of garments production, ISBN-978-984-35-2884-1, Issued on 10 August 2022, Department of Archives and Library, Ministry of Cultural affairs, government of the People’s Republic of Bangladesh. 2010. 140, Islamia market, Nilkhet. Dhaka: Rupok Publications.
66. Hossain MA. Garments Technology for Merchandiser and Fashion Designer, ISBN- 978-984-35-2883-4, Issued on 10 August 2022, Department of Archives and Library, Ministry of Cultural affairs. Government of The People’s Republic of Bangladesh. 140, Islamia market: Rupok Publications. Dhaka: Nilkhet; 2010.
67. Hossain MA. UV–Visible–NIR camouflage textiles with natural plant based natural dyes on natural fibre against woodland combat background for defence protection. Sci Rep. 2023; 13:5021.
68. Hossain MA. Spectral simulation and materials design for camouflage textiles coloration against materials of multidimensional combat backgrounds in visible and near infrared spectrums. MRS Commun. 2023; 13: 306-19.
69. Hossain MA. Neuro-camouflaging is an Indicator of Human Camouflage, an Assumption of Brain Engineering for Self-protection against Criminal Attacking [preprint]. 1st version available at Research Square, 2023.
70. Hossain MA, Samanta AK. Uster analysis of cotton/polyester blended spun yarns with different counts. J Text Eng Fashion Technol. 2019; 5.
71. Hossain MA. Cut the cost of defence and invest more for education. when self-studying of student/researcher is an automatic contribution for national and worldwide development without getting money. Preprint. 1st version available at Research Square, 2023.
72. Hossain MA. My PhD struggling, hidden life-threatening, a tragedy and announcement of Nobel Nominee at PhD School. part 01. 25 Dawson Street, Brunswick, Vic: School of Fashion and Textiles, RMIT University-3056. Australia. 2023; 1-788.
73. Hossain MA. My PhD struggling, hidden life-threatening, a tragedy and announcement of Nobel Nominee at PhD School. part 02. 25 Dawson Street, Brunswick, Vic: School of Fashion and Textiles, RMIT University-3056. Australia. 2023. 1-186.
74. Hossain MA. My declaration, acknowledgement and dedication to achieve PhD degree (Fashion & Textiles) on ”camouflage textiles with technical coloration and incorporating illumination under multidimensional combat backgrounds”,. In: School of fashion and textiles. 25 Dawson Street: RMIT University. Melbourne, Vic: Brunswick Campus-3056. Australia. 2023. 2021.
75. Hossain MA. My first presentation at PhD School for selection of PhD research proposal on camouflage textiles in 2020. In: Academic conference at PhD School. 25 Dawson Street: School of Fashion & Textiles, RMIT University. Melbourne, Vic: Brunswick Campus-3056. 2020.
76. Hossain MA. First Action and support plan at PhD school during COVID-19 in 2020, supervised by professor (dr.) Lijing Wang and professor (dr.) Robert Shanks. 25 Dawson Street: School of Fashion and Textiles, RMIT University. Melbourne, Vic: Brunswick Campus-3056. 2023.
77. Hossain MA. My family struggling from my child schooling to PhD schooling; communication and relation with my maternal family for my life-threatening investigation during my PhD schooling at RMIT University in Australia. part 1. 25 Dawson Street, Brunswick, Melbourne: School of Fashion and Textiles, RMIT University, VIC 3056. Australia; 2023.
78. Hossain MA. My family struggling from my child schooling to PhD schooling; communication and relation with my paternal family for my life-threatening investigation during my PhD schooling at RMIT University in Australia. part 2. 25 Dawson Street, Brunswick, Melbourne: School of Fashion and Textiles, RMIT University, VIC 3056. Australia; 2023.
79. Hossain MA. Neuro-camouflaging is an indicator of human camouflage, an assumption of brain engineering for self-protection against criminal attacking. Journal of Applied Material Science & Engineering Research. 2023; 7: 67-71.
80. Hossain MA. My PhD struggling, hidden life-threatening, a tragedy and announcement of Nobel Nominee at PhD School. part 04. 25 Dawson Street, Brunswick, Vic: School of Fashion and Textiles, RMIT University-3056. Australia. 2023. 1-30.
81. Hossain MA. Dress code from primary schooling to PhD schooling, harassment, motivation and understanding in an international education platform 2023. 25 Dawson Street, Brunswick, Vic: School of Fashion and Textiles, RMIT University-3056. Australia.

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Citation: Hossain MD A. Coloration of Polyamide-6, 6 Fabric with Carbon Black Nano Particle for Camouflage Textiles of Simultaneous Spectrum Probe in Visible and Near Infrared. Adv Res Text Eng. 2023; 8(2): 1083.

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