Research Article
Ann Agric Crop Sci. 2021; 6(2): 1075.
Assessment of Quantitative Traits of Rajma Bean (Phaseoulus vulgaris L.) Accessions for Yield and Yield Attributing Traits in Multi-Environments of Nepal
Darai R¹*, Sah R¹, Sah JB², Gupta B³ and Rasaili S²
1Coordinator/Senior Scientist and STO, Grain Legumes Research Program, Nepal
2Directorate of Agricultural Research, Nepal
3Jute Research Program, Itahari, Nepal
*Corresponding author: Rajendra Darai, Coordinator/Senior Scientist and STO, Grain Legumes Research Program, Khajura, Nepal
Received: March 01, 2021; Accepted: March 24, 2021; Published: March 31, 2021
Abstract
Rajma (Phaseolus vulgaris L) known as the common bean, French bean, kidney bean, bush bean, and pole bean is the most important grain legume of Nepal which covers about 10,529 ha areas along with the productivity of 1477kgha-1. Generally it is grown during summer in mid/high hills and during winter (post rainy) season interai/inner terai in rice and maize based eco-system. Now Rajma bean is being popular as the cash crop in the province 3, 5 and 6 because of producing organic products and tastier quality. Multi-environment trials was carried out at Nepalgunj, Parwanipur, Itahari and Surkhet during the winter season of 2014-2017 comprised of 10 diverse Rajma genotypes in Randomized Complete Block Design with three replications in order to evaluate the quantitative variation with respect to yield and yield contributing traits. The combined analysis of variance showed that the highly significant differences among the genotypes and locations in the traits like days to flowering, days to maturity, plant height, hundred seed weight and grain yield. However; there was not any GxE interaction effect found in days to flowering, days to maturity and grain yield. Mean yield performances showed that the genotype PDR-14 (2341kgha-1) produced the highest yield followed by Utkarsh (2332kgha-1) and Arun-2 (2021kgha-1). In conclusion, PDR-14 gave 9-56% higher yield among the genotypes and its stability analysis test also indicated that PDR-14 was found a highly stable across the environments and over the years. Variegated red kidney shape seed, white flowers along with dwarf and glabrous leaf pubescence is the DUS trait of the PDR-14 and recommended for terai/inner terai to high hills.
Keywords: Component traits; Environments Rajma bean; Quantitative; Variation
Introduction
Rajma is an important legume known as Common bean, French bean, Kidney bean, bush bean, and pole bean. In many developing countries, common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) are being grown for vegetables and pulses in diverse cropping system. The common bean is a self-pollinated species belonging to the Fabaceae family and is the most important sources of the protein [1]. A high number of small land holding farmers with low incomes usually adopted to produce the crop. In Nepal, it is cultivated an areas of about 10,529 ha with the productivity 1477kg/ha and being popular as the cash crop in the Gandaki province, province 5 and Karnali province. It grows as a summer crop in mid/high hills & winter crop in terai/inner terai. The high genetic diversity found in African, Asian and European germplasm has suggested the possibility that those continents could be considered as other centers of genetic diversity for common bean [2]. It is an important legume crop cultivated in a wide range of agroclimatic conditions from Tarai (91m amsl) to high hill (2500m amsl) of Nepal, especially in mountain districts such as Jumla, Humla, Mustang, Rasuwa, Solukhumbu, etc., where mixed landraces with varying morphologies are cultivated. Nepal’s hills and mountains are rich in bean diversity, and some landraces have unique characteristics [3,4]. In general, common beans grown in high-hill have better taste and are considered more nutritious compared to the beans grown in Terai region of Nepal. More recently, this crop is commonly grown along with kidney bean, fetches good return and have well established market [5-8]. In these days, area of phaseols bean is in increasing trends due to its good market potential along with good returns. This bean is being popular in Jumla and periphery districts of Karnali province known as Jumla’s organic bean gift (Jumlako Kosheli) in the Nepalgunj and Kathmadu big marts. The main objective of the study was in order to evaluate the quantitative variation with respect to yield and yield contributing traits. In terai region of Nepal, Rajma has been cultivating in winter season. Till date, there is not anyone Rajma variety released/registered for the farmers cultivation. One of the mandated organizations for legumes research, GLRP, Khajurahas prepared the variety development program in collaboration with NARC satellite stations.
Materials and Methods
In Coordinated Varietal Trial (CVT); A total of 10 genotypes namely PDR-14, Amber, Utkarsha, Arun-2, BL-63, Kanpur, Chitra NL-1, Pant-1and Pant-2 were evaluated in 2015 at RARS, Parwanipur and GLRP, Khajura, in 2016 at JRP, Ithari; GLRP, Khajura; ARS, Surkhet and RARS, Parwanipur, same as in 2017 at GLRP, Khajura [9-11]. Trial was conducted in Randomized Completely Block Design in 4×3.6 =14.4m² plot size with three replications. The plant geometry, row-to-row space was maintained as 40cm and plant to plant 10cm. Recommended dose of fertilizer 100:60:40 kg NPK/ha was applied , full dose of phosphorus and potash and half dose of nitrogen applied during field preparation and remaining half dose of nitrogen was top dressed after 20-30 days after sowing. During the intervention period, precision agronomic packages were followed and appropriate pesticides and insecticides were applied as per the requirements. Data on agro-morphological traits, yield and yield components were collected and data was analyzed using META-R and R-Stat Version 3.2.
Results
At Parwanipur 2015, the results of analysis of variance showed statistically highly significant differences among the genotypes in the agronomic traits days to 50% flowering, days to maturity, plant height, grain yield and 100 seed weight. Genotypes Arun 2 (11500kg/ ha) and Utkars (1079kg/ha) were produced better yield among the tested genotypes in Table 1. Likely in khajura, the results of analysis of variance (Table 2) revealed that genotypes were statistically significant differences in the parameters like plant height, seed per pod and hundred seed weight. Genotype NL1 (563kg/ha), and Arun-2 (542kg/ha) were produced the highest yield among tested genotypes. NL-1 had a bolder seed (38g/100 seed). In 2016, at GLRP, Khajura data (Table 3) revealed that the genotypes were highly significant in days to maturity, plant height, and seed weight. Genotype Utkarsh produced the highest yield (2600kg/ha) followed by, PDR-14 (2471kg/ ha) and Pant-1 (1983kg/ha). Arun-2 showed the highest seed weight (47g/100 seed). Same as in 2016, JRP, Ithari data showed that the genotypes were highly significant in days to 50% flowering, days to maturity and plant height and significant in grain yield. Genotype Utkarsh produced the highest yield (1625kg/ha) followed by, PDR- 14 (1412kg/ha) in Table 4. Data (Table 5) illustrated that genotypes were statistically significant difference in the parameters like days to maturity, plant height, and hundred seed weight. Genotype Amber (3146kg/ha) produced the highest yield followed by Arun-2 (3090kg/ ha) and Utkarsh (2986kg/ha). Arun-2 had a bolder seed (44g/100 seed). In 2016, RARS, Parwanipur data analysis of variance showed that the genotypes were highly significant difference in days to flowering, days to maturity, plant height, grain yield and seed weight. Genotype Utkarsh produced the highest yield (1538kg/ha) followed by, PDR-14 (1369kg/ha) and Amber (1256kg/ha). Same as previous Arun-2 had the highest seed weight (52g/100 seed) in Table 6. Likely in the year of 2017, GLRP, Khajura data analysis of variance revealed that the genotypes were significantly difference (<0.005) in days to 50% flowering, days to maturity, plant height, seed per pod and yield kg/ha. Genotype PDR-14produced the highest yield (2319kg/ha) followed by, Utkarsh (1992kg/ha) and BL-63 (1878kg/ha) in Table 7.Combinedmean analysis of variance showed that genotypes were significantly different in days to maturity, plant height and yield parameters across the locations over the years (2015-2017).
S. No
Genotypes
DF
DM
PLHT (cm)
PP
SP
GY (Kg/ha)
HSWT (g)
1
PDR 14
54b
112b
30c
11
3
966.0abcd
39.8a
2
Amber
50c
109c
29c
11
4
855.3cd
35.6cd
3
Utkars
64a
115a
46a
13
4
1079.3ab
29.3e
4
Arun-2
54b
112b
42ab
12
4
1150.0a
39.1a
5
Bl-63
50c
109c
26c
10
3
888.0bcd
36.9bc
6
Kanpur
54b
112b
39b
11
4
769.3d
35.1d
7
Chitra
50c
109c
25c
11
4
892.7bcd
36.6bcd
8
Nl-1
50c
109c
26c
44
4
1026.7abc
38.1ab
Mean
53.5
110.8
33.04
15
4
953.4
36.3
P-value
0.000**
0.000**
0.000**
0.48
0.55
0.039*
0.000**
F-Value
0
99.6
26.93
1
1
3
33.9
CV%
0
0.38
8.34
132
6
13.3
2.6
LSD
0
0.75
4.82
222.1
1.7
Table 1: Performance of Rajma genotypes in MLT at RARS, Parwanipur, 2015.
S. No
Genotypes
PLHT (cm)
PP
SP
GY (Kg/ha)
HSWT(g)
1
PDR 14
37
7
4
518
33
2
Amber
35
7
3
425
35
3
Utkars
39
6
5
465
30
4
Arun-2
48
7
5
542
35
5
Bl-63
33
7
4
515
33
6
kanpur
36
7
4
437
34
7
Chitra
36
6
4
430
36
8
Nl-1
43
8
3
563
38
Mean
38
7
4
487
34
P-value
0
1
0 .00
1
0 .00
F-Value
0.98
0.7
2
0.16
1.2
CV%
21.6
18.4
16.31
18.49
10.15
Table 2: Mean data on phenology growth and Yield of MLT, GLRP, Khajura, 2015.
S. No
Genotypes
DF
DM
PLHT
PP
SP
HSWT (g)
GY (Kg/ha)
1
PDR-14
46
108
47
37
3.5
42
2471
2
Amber
45
112
4
12
4.1
40
1938
3
Utkarsh
46
112
55
11
3.5
37
2600
4
Arun-2
52
110
70
10
3.6
47
1579
5
BL-63
44
105
44
10
3.6
41
1517
6
Kanpur
45
110
46
11
4.3
40
1783
7
Chitra
44
100
39
10
3.2
39
1358
8
NL-1
43
95
44
10
3.3
41
1842
9
Pant-1
45
110
74
10
3.9
42
1983
Mean
46
107
51.7
13
3.7
41
1897
P-Value
0.4
<0.001
<0.001
0.46
0.181
0.002
0.05
CV%
10.27
1.1
10
116.6
13
4.8
23.9
LSD
NS
2.1**
8.9**
NS
NS
3.4**
*
Table 3: Mean data on phenology, growth and yield of MLT, GLRP, Khajura, 2016.
S. No
Genotypes
DF
DM
PLHT
PP
SP
GY (Kg/ha)
1
PDR-14
76
122
31
15
4
1412
2
Amber
75
122
31
17
4
1121
3
Utkarsh
82
121
33
16
4
1625
4
Arun-2
76
119
30
15
4
1396
5
BL-63
75
103
22
12
4
1046
6
Kanpur
75
109
30
11
4
892
7
Chitra
76
103
22
9
4
975
8
NL-1
75
105
23
12
4
896
Mean
76
113
28
13
4
1170
P-Value
<0.001**
<0.001**
<0.001**
0.08
0.44
0.03*
CV%
1.3
0.8
8.3
25.5
9.6
23.1
LSD
1.8**
1.5**
4.0**
NS
NS
473.6*
Table 4: Mean data on phenology and growth and Yield of MLT, JRP, Itahari, 2016.
S. No
Genotypes
DTF
DTM
PH
PPP
HGW
GY (Kg/ha)
1
PDR-14
47
114
48
22
40
2701
2
Amber
44
122
50
21
40
3146
3
Utkarsh
57
123
124
18
33
2986
4
Arun-2
46
121
106
20
44
3090
5
BL-63
46
110
36
17
39
2417
6
Kanpur
47
120
45
16
40
2319
7
Chitra
44
111
46
15
40
2583
8
NL-1
42
108
45
14
39
2970
Mean
46
116
63
18
40
2777
P-Value
<0.001**
0.05
<0.001**
0.36
0.018*
0.05
CV%
4.4
5.4
15.5
25
6.8
13.3
LSD
3.6
NS
17.0
NS
4.7
NS
Table 5: Mean data on phenology growth and Yield of MLT, ARS, Surkhet, 2016.
S. No
Genotypes
DF
DTM
PH
PPP
SPP
HSWT (g)
GY (Kg/ha)
1
PDR-14
54
117
36
15
6
50
1369
2
Amber
54
121
32
19
6
44
1256
3
Utkarsh
62
121
75
14
7
48
1538
4
Arun-2
52
118
68
14
7
52
1070
5
BL-63
55
115
33
14
7
43
1015
6
Kanpur
57
116
40
11
7
46
828
7
Chitra
52
115
33
12
7
42
789
8
NL-1
54
114
34
15
6
42
868
Mean
55
117
44
14
7
46
1092
P-Value
0.001
<0.001
<0.001
0.11
0.58
<0.001
0.006
CV%
3.8
1
13.3
20.4
10.5
0.8
19.8
LSD
3.7**
2.0**
10.3**
NS
NS
3.2**
378.9*
Table 6: Mean data on phenology growth and Yield of MLT, RARS, Parwanipur, 2016.
EN
Genotypes
DF
DM
Plht
PP
SP
GY
1
PDR 14
40
104
20
11
4
2319
2
Amber
40
107
13
14
5
1329
3
Utkarsh
54
106
21
10
5
1992
4
Arun-2
36
103
27
9
4
1722
5
BL63
35
90
16
12
5
1878
6
Kanpur
34
104
13
8
5
822
7
Chitra
34
91
14
10
5
1715
8
NL-1
34
89
15
11
4
1503
9
Pant-1
40
107
27
11
5
1725
10
Pant-2
35
99
19
8
5
1430
Mean
38
100
19
10
5
1644
P-value
<0.001
<0.001
<0.001
0.300
<0.001
0.025
CV%
3.13
2.33
17.45
26.34
6.55
25.14
LSD
2.05
3.99
5.55
4.71
0.53
708.86
Table 7: Performance of Rajma Genotype in MLTGLRP, Khajura 2017.
S. No
Genotypes
DF
DM
PLHT
PP
SP
HSWT (g)
GY (Kg/ha)
1
PDR-14
58
119
39
18
4
43
1862a
2
Arun-2
60
119
46
16
4
44
1433ab
3
Chitra
59
116
36
14
4
39
1478abc
4
Amber
58
121
37
17
4
41
1666bcd
5
BL-63
53
116
30
14
4
40
1300bcd
6
NL-1
52
111
31
16
4
35
1202d
7
Kanpur
63
121
42
19
4
40
1250cd
8
Utkarsh
62
120
37
14
4
40
1698
Mean
59
118
37
17
4
40
1474
P-value
Env
<0.001
<0.001
<0.001
0.500
0.100
<0.001
<0.001
Gen
0.260
0.020
0.004
0.500
0.420
0.001
0.018
Year
0.190
0.020
<0.001
0.120
0.300
<0.001
<0.001
G X E
0.990
0.120
0.900
0.330
0.700
0.600
0.99
CV %
13.00
5.2
27
31
11
12
31
LSD
416.77
Table 8: Combined analysis Rajma MLT across the location over the years (2015-2017).
G x E interaction in GGE biplots in Figure 1 illustrated that based on both mean and stability the best genotype was Amber then followed by PDR-14. In Figure 2 base on concentric ring the ideal genotype was BL-63 however according to Figure 3 Ithari was seen the best environment. In Figure 4, genotype Amber and Chitra were found ideal and vertex to Khanjra and Surkhet environments, while NL-1 and PDR-14 were ideal for Parwanipur and BL-63, Utkarsh, Kanpur-1 and Arun 2 were found ideal for Ithari environment.
Figure 1: Genotypes mean vs. stability.
Figure 2: Ranking of genotypes based on genotype performance and
stability.
Figure 3: Ranking of genotypes based on discriminating.
Figure 4: Genotypes with specific environment and representativeness of the
average environment.
Discussion
Beans are consumed as whole seeds as vegetable or split forms, both as soup or ‘daal’. Beans contains healthy proteins, are consumed by all households. Indeed, black bean soup is given to their sick people as an energy supplement. Farmers in Nepal preferred bean landraces that are medium growth habit, early maturing nature, high yielding, good seed size and color and are high demand in the market [5,12]. A similar study was done in bean growing area in Malawi to understand the farmer’s specifications for variety selection showed that farmers looked on grain color, cooking time, taste, grain size as well as grain brightness to choose the varieties [13]. Stoilova et al. [14] found that out of many accessions studied, some accessions with an erect habit, a shorter period to reach maturity had higher number of pods and seeds per plant as these genotypes escaped unfavorable conditions of high daily temperature and low humidity during the flowering and pod formation periods. In the study, the genotypes had different flowering and pod maturity times even they were planted on the same date. Flowering and pod maturity occurred earliest for all the varieties in the khajura and surkhet than Itahari and Parwanipur site. This flowering data clearly indicated the environment particularly the temperature played an important role in physiological and phenological growth of the varieties included in the study. Similar results of common bean landraces at Mexico showed there were significant differences in the morphological and physiological traits of the plant, pod and grain among different geographic regions which were also associated with different indigenous groups [15]. There was effect of genotype by environment interaction on the bean genotypes and yield traits. Some lines showed vertex that mean they were location specific while some lines were highly stable across the locations.
Conclusion
The combined ANOVA showed that the highly significant differences among the genotypes and locations in the quantitative traits like Days to 50% flower, Days to maturity, Plant height, hundred seed weight and grain yield. However the effect of GxE interaction was not found in Days to 50% flower, Days to maturity and Grain yield. Overall mean performances in terms of grain yield over the years and across the location showed that the genotype PDR-14 (1862kgha-1) produced the highest yield followed by Utkarsh (1698kgha-1) and Amber (1666kgha-1). Genotype PDR-14 gave 12-35% higher yield among the genotypes and its stability analysis test also indicated that PDR-14 was found a highly stable across the environments and over the years. Variegated red kidney shape seed, white flowers along with dwarf and glabrous leaf pubescence is the Distinctness, Uniformity and Stability (DUS) testing trait of the PDR-14 and recommended for terai/inner terai to high hills.
Acknowledgements
The authors are highly acknowledged to the NARC Management team for providing financial support to the research. We are grateful to National Genetic Resources Centre (Gene bank), Khumaltar for supplying the genetic materials of grasspea. We wish to express our sincere gratitude to those subordinated whose efforts and cooperation made this work possible.
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