Does Ethanol Pretreatment Improve the Bond Strength of a One-Step Self-Etch Adhesive to Er:YAG Laser Etched Dentin Regions?

Research Article

Austin Dent Sci. 2018; 3(1): 1016.

Does Ethanol Pretreatment Improve the Bond Strength of a One-Step Self-Etch Adhesive to Er:YAG Laser Etched Dentin Regions?

Ergin E1*, Karaman E2 and Gurgan S1

¹Department of Restorative Dentistry, Hacettepe University, Turkey

²Department of Restorative Dentistry, Ondokuz Mayis University, Turkey

*Corresponding author: Esra Ergin, Department of Restorative Dentistry, Hacettepe University, School of Dentistry, 06100/Sihhiye Ankara-Turkey

Received: January 05, 2018; Accepted: February 09, 2018; Published: March 05, 2018

Abstract

Objective: Er:YAG laser etching is reported to have conflicting effects on adhesion to dentin. As ethanol has been proved to increase the infiltration capacity and adhesive performance of resins, this study was conducted to evaluate the effect of ethanol pretreatment on the Shear Bond Strength (SBS) of a self-etch adhesive to Er:YAG laser etched coronal and root dentin.

Methods: Forty extracted human premolars were ground flat exposing the coronal and root dentin surfaces, and randomly divided into four groups according to Er:YAG laser etching and ethanol pretreatment. The polished surfaces were either used as controls or etched with Er:YAG laser-80 mJ, 10 Hz, VSP (Fidelis III/Fotona) (n=20). Prior to adhesive application, the coronal and root dentin of 10 teeth from each group were pretreated with ethanol (100%) (n=10). Adper Easy One (3M ESPE) self-etch adhesive was applied to the specimens and composite resin blocks (Z250, 3M ESPE) were built using a jig (Ultradent). SBS was tested and the data were evaluated using one-way ANOVA, Tukey’s HSD test, and t-test (p=0.05).

Results: The Control/Ethanol group exhibited the highest values, which were significantly higher than those of the Er:YAG and Er:YAG/Ethanol groups for both coronal and root dentin (p<0.05). Comparison of two dentin substrates in the control groups did not show any significant differences (p>0.05). SBS to root dentin was higher in the Er:YAG group, whereas bonding to coronal dentin was higher in the Er:YAG/Ethanol group (p<0.05).

Conclusion: Adhesive performance of the self-etch adhesive to Er:YAG laser etched dentin was not improved by ethanol pretreatment.

Keywords: Ethanol; Self-Etch adhesive; Er:YAG laser etching; Coronal dentin; Root dentin

Introduction

With the growing demand for minimally invasive and esthetic dentistry applications, many of the current restorative procedures are based on adhesive techniques, which have been constantly improved to obtain more effective bonding between restorative materials and dental substrates [1]. For this purpose, the focus of studies has shifted to find new bonding techniques, new adhesive materials, and alternative instruments that can better prepare the tooth tissues for bonding procedures.

The pretreatment of dental tissues prior to adhesive procedures is an important step that directly affects the clinical success of the restorations. Hence, new instruments such as dental lasers have been recommended as alternative tools to conventional methods. Among the various types of lasers currently available, the erbium: yttrium aluminum garnet (Er:YAG) laser is one of the highest recommended types of laser for hard tissue applications, as its wavelength (2.94 μm) coincides with the main absorption band of water (~3.0 μm) and it is well absorbed by hydroxyapatite [2]. The use of the Er:YAG laser for dentin pretreatment (Er:YAG laser etching) was reported to yield a microretentive surface with open dentin tubules, which are considered ideal for adhesion [3-5]. However, although some studies report that laser irradiation has no or a slight effect on dentin bonding, most researchers have concluded that laser irradiation impairs the resin bond strength to dentin [6-8]. Some authors have speculated that the lack of adhesive resin infiltration was the main explanation for the low bond strength of bonding agents to laser irradiated dentin [9,10]. In addition, studies in the literature present the results of current adhesive systems that were developed to act on the tooth substrate prepared by conventional techniques [8,10-12]. Thus, the effect of Er:YAG laser etching in combination with new adhesion strategies and adhesive systems on bonding to dentin remains to be clarified.

Parallel to the evolution of new instruments, many efforts have also been directed towards formulating new adhesive systems that are easier, faster, and more user-friendly. For this purpose, self-etch adhesives with a reduced number of bonding steps were introduced. The most recent type combining all the components into the liquid is referred to as a “one-step self-etch” adhesive system [13]. One-step self-etch adhesives are recommended to ensure maximum adhesion through the mechanism of improved monomer penetration into the tooth substrate as well as improved wet ability of the tooth surface via the resin components [14]. These systems not only lessen the clinical application time, but also significantly reduce technique-sensitivity and the risk of making errors during application and manipulation as the infiltration of resin occurs simultaneously with the self-etching process, by which the risk of discrepancy between both processes is much lower [14].

In the basics of dentin bonding, water that fills the intrafibrillar and interfibrillar spaces after apatite dissolution by acids should be totally displaced and infiltrated by the resin monomers to form a strong and durable “hybrid layer” [15]. Therefore, incomplete replacement of water during adhesive application leaves behind a hydrated collagen matrix that could adversely affect the adhesion to dentin [15]. However, to date, complete displacement of water from the interfibrillar compartment by contemporary dentin adhesives has not been reported [15]. The “ethanol wet-bonding” technique has been suggested to overcome this limitation, in which ethanol instead of water is used to support the demineralized dentin collagen matrix. In this technique, ethanol is used to chemically dehydrate the demineralized collagen matrix as it is a polar solvent with lower hydrogen bonding capacity than water. The resultant shrinkage of the collagen fibrils in the lateral dimension and reduction in hydrophilicity of the collagen matrix create wider interfibrillar spaces for hydrophobic resins to infiltrate the matrix more completely as a potential mechanism for better resin-dentin adhesion [16,17]. It was clearly demonstrated that ethanol increases the infiltration capacity and adhesive performance of adhesive resins [18,19].

Efficacy of adhesive systems is generally evaluated based on their ability to bond to coronal dentin. Nevertheless, the increasing age of the population, and developments in adhesive dentistry and periodontology significantly increased the demand for restoration of root dentin defects [20]. Since “ethanol wet bonding” is a promising technique and, to date, no available report has described the adhesion of self-etch adhesives to Er:YAG laser etched dentin regions in combination with ethanol pretreatment, the present study was conducted to evaluate the effect of ethanol pretreatment on Shear Bond Strength (SBS) of a one-step self-etch adhesive to Er:YAG laser etched coronal and root dentin. The hypotheses tested were: I) Er:YAG laser etching increases the bond strength of the onestep self-etch adhesive to coronal and root dentin regardless of the type of dentin and ethanol pretreatment; II) Ethanol pretreatment increases the bond strength of the one-step self-etch adhesive to dentin, regardless of the type of dentin and Er:YAG etching; III) There are no differences in bond strengths between different dentin regions (coronal or root) either with Er:YAG laser etching or ethanol pretreatment.

Materials and Methods

Table 1 shows the materials used in this study. Forty extracted intact human premolars were treated with a periodontal scaler to remove organic debris before being cleaned with water pumice slurry. Each tooth was examined under a stereomicroscope (Olympus SZ 61, Olympus Corporation, Tokyo, Japan) at ×40 magnification to eliminate those with cracks and hypoplastic defects. The superficial enamel and cementum were abraded from the buccal tooth surfaces with a 180-grit Silicon Carbide (SiC) paper under running water to expose both coronal and root dentin within the same tooth. The prepared surfaces were polished with 200-grit, 320-grit, and 400-grit SiC papers under copious water for 10 s each and, finally, with a 600- grit paper for 60 s, to create standard and clinically relevant smear layers. All specimens were examined under the stereomicroscope at ×40 magnification to ensure that no enamel and cementum remained and that no pulp had been exposed. Each tooth was then mounted in a Plexiglas mold with autopolymerizing acrylic resin (Metafast, Sun Medical, Moriyama, Japan) so that the flattened surface of the tooth was positioned parallel to the base. The specimens were then placed in distilled water to reduce the temperature from the exothermic reaction of the embedding resin. After ultrasonic cleaning with distilled water for 3 min to remove debris, the surfaces were washed and dried with oil-free compressed air. The teeth were randomly divided into four groups according to Er:YAG laser etching and ethanol pretreatment (n=10).