Role of Crop Diversification on Occurrence of Sap-sucking Insect pests and their Associated Natural Enemies on Tomato in Eastern Ethiopia

Abstract

The overall result indicated that intercropping significantly reduced the population of these insect pests compared to sole tomato. The most effective population reduction was recorded on tomato – onion (63.13%, 56.46%, and 25% in Aphids, Whiteflies and thrips respectively) next to karate (83.51, 73.74, and 66.04%) and tobacco leaf extract (77.31, 71.51, 69.34 in Aphids, Whiteflies and thrips respectively). The companion crops harbored the predators and parasitoids of diverse species predominantly. Tomato onion intercropping led the best performances in guarding tomato crop from major insect pests compared to other companion crops. Therefore, tomato onion intercrops can be used as the first options in boosting tomato production as an alternative to karate and tobacco leaf extract in sap-sucking insect pests’ management. Further study on the detailed morphological and molecular-based parasitoid species identification and their ecological host ranges are of utmost importance in the sustainable IPM strategies in tomato.

Keywords: Companion crops; Pest reduction; Beneficial insects; Repellence

Introduction

One of the most extensively cultivated vegetable crops in Ethiopia is the tomato, which is grown on small and big farms, privately owned or operated by enterprises, under both rain-fed and irrigated agriculture systems [11,21]. Tomato (L. esculentum Mill.) accounted for 2.51% of the total production area of vegetable crops in 2017–18, covering 5,235.19 hectares [9]. Although tomato production has economic advantages, it faces numerous challenges due to a variety of factors, including temperature, humidity, diseases, and insect pests [40,45,50]. These issues lead to decreased crop quantity and quality in a number of nations, including Ethiopia [10,51]. Among the insect pests, sucking insect pests are the major ones in tomato causing significant yield loss ranging from 20 to 100% (Jones, 2003; Papisarta and Garzia, 2002; Ram and Parihar, 2002). Whitefly, Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius 1889), aphid, Aphis sp., and thrips, Thrips sp. [10,46] are those causing the main challenges in the production potentials of tomatoes in Ethiopia.

Tomatoes were shown to have high levels of whitefly, aphid, and thrips (Frankliniella schultzei Trybom) infection [14,45]. Each year, the combined effects of the whitefly—whether direct or indirect—cause substantial yield losses in tomatoes of up to 100%, amounting to over one hundred million dollars [32]. More plant stunting (8–15%) and a 60–83% decrease in yields were produced by early infection (2–3 weeks after transplanting) (Zitter and Everett, 1982) [6]. Throughout the year, sucking pests are polyphagous by nature. These insects can directly harm plants by excreting honeydew that builds up on various plant sections and by continuously sucking sap, which causes physiological abnormalities in plants. Furthermore, the production of tomatoes and the availability of substitute hosts promote the year-round increase of pest pressure. The sucking pests, such as aphids, whiteflies, and thrips, in addition to directly eating on crops, can spread viruses that injure crops severely [46]. Farmers rely entirely on pesticides—which have been used in agriculture for more than a decade to secure food production and have demonstrated their potential to increase global food production—to combat the issues caused by these insect pests, despite the fact that they are known to pose risks to the environment and human health [47]. In addition to the development of pest resistance and the poisoning of beneficial insects, the ongoing use of chemical pesticides has been linked to established dangers to human health and the environment [27,47].

Additionally, the high cost of insecticides combined with their increasing application leads to a rise in cultivation costs, further rendering the crop unprofitable due to the unremunerative pricing of crop produce [6]. This has created a demand for an intercropping method of pest control. Plant diversity in the same plot makes it harder for pests to find their hosts and encourages the presence of the pests' natural enemies [35]. Companion plant volatiles, which disrupt the location of the pest host plant and react chemically and physiologically to render the host plant inhospitable to pests, are thought to be responsible for the ability of intercropping suitable plants to attract or repel insects from the target plants [34]. Moreover, host-hiding and fostering natural enemies suppress pest population growth, decreasing the requirement for pesticide use and boosting crop yields [35]. According to Moono and Musenge (2019) [33], intercropping garlic rape reduced aphid populations on rape the most and increased rape production. The prevalence of whitefly-transmitted viruses and the quantity of whiteflies in tomato fields were effectively decreased by intercropping tomatoes with coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.) (Apiaceae) [19]. Comparing tomato single cropping to tomato garlic intercropping, Azouz (2016) [4] found that the latter greatly increased the population of thrips. Additionally, it's possible that the volatiles in aromatic plants deterred insect pests, causing their numbers to decline relative to the mono crop [44].

Despite the fact that intercropping significantly reduced the number of tomato sucking insect pests, the research area's farmers were overshadowed by the use of pesticides, which are deadly to humans, animals, and the environment. Regarding managing insect pests, farmers are unaware of the practice of intercropping tomatoes with other crops. Hence, the objective of this research was to evaluate the effect of intercropping on occurrences of sap-sucking insect pests of tomato and their associated natural enemies on tomato.

Materials and Methods

The experiment was conducted at Haramaya University in 2021 at Raree research station using irrigation. It is situated in the semi-arid tropical belt of East Oromiya, Ethiopia and is characterized by a sub-humid type of climate. Improved Tomato, Geli-lema, variety was used as the main crop intercropped with onion (Nafis red variety), beans (Babile-1 variety), and cabbage (Copenhagen market variety) which was collected from Melkassa Agricultural Research Center (EIAR) and tobacco crude leaf extract as well as karate 5% EC were used as checks. The experiment was laid out in Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with four replications with the following List of treatments and their combination: Sole tomato (control), Tomato + Cabbage, Tomato + Common bean, Tomato + Onion, Tomato + tobacco leaf extract (Botanical check) and Tomato + karate 5% EC (chemical check). A plot consisted of six rows of 3.6m length and 2.4m width and plot area (8.64m2) with the distance between blocks and plots 1.5m and 1m, respectively. The spacing between rows and plants of tomato was 60cm x 40cm, respectively.

Field Management

The companions, beans, cabbage and onions were planted between the rows of tomatoes as extra plant population (s). Seedlings of onion, cabbage and tomato were raised in the nursery at Rare research station. Tomato seeds were sown at the rate of 200gmha-1 (EIAR, 2007) on Seedbeds of 1 x 5m area. Seedlings were transplanted to the main experimental field when they attained 3-4 true leaves (40 days after sowing) by carefully uprooting them from nursery beds. Then the seedlings were transplanted to well prepared and irrigated experimental field (Lemma et al., 2003). Beans were directly sown on the rows allotted to it in the main field.

Observation of Insect Pests and Their Natural Enemies

Whitefly

Data collection was conducted from the middle four rows of tomato for the representative samples of each plot. Data on whiteflies were collected in the abaxial side of the leaflets, as the number of whitefly nymph and adults at each observation period starting from two weeks of transplanting, by slowly turning the leaflet upside down to prevent the escape of the insects. To proceed with the counting of nymphs, six plants were tagged and whiteflies were collected per plot from the leaves of the plants (Arnemann et al., 2019). The observations were made weekly and carried out during the early morning (between 6:00 am and 8:00 am) when whiteflies were particularly less active and easier to spot and count (Ofori et al., 2014).

Aphids

The population number of aphids was counted weekly after transplanting until physiological maturity. The same procedures were followed for aphid’s inspection like whiteflies and thrips.

Thrips

The number of thrips per plant was recorded weekly after transplanting until physiological maturity. On each selected plant, three leaves each from the upper, middle and bottom portions were inspected from the lower side for the presence of thrips. Nymphs, as well as adults, were recorded by using the hand lenses of 10 times magnifications. Counting was done early in the morning [15,46].

Natural Enemies

Natural enemies especially predators were visually observed in the experimental plots and for clear identification, the samples were brought to laboratory to see under the microscope whereas parasitoids on Aphids sp, were recorded on the insect (aphid) specimen/infested leave samples were taken from tomato plantations for laboratory rearing until the parasitoids or the adult of the specimens have been emerged. In the lab, infested leaves were placed inside a rearing cage covered with a muslin cloth to allow ventilation and left up to the emergence of parasitoid adults (Mahmoud et al., 2020). Emerged parasitoids were preserved in 70% alcohol for identification. Identification of the parasitoids were conducted using identification keys of the morphological characters and referring to published articles, searching and matching with online insect specimen databases, and also consulting various insect bloggers of public groups (For instance; Entomology Group, Insects (Entomology) worldwide and many other public groups) by posting a clear picture of the insect specimens we need for identification. For each parasitoid emerged, the parasitism rate was determined according to Russell (1987) as follows [39]:

The percentage of reduction of insect pests was calculated according to Henderson & Tilton (1955) as follows:

Where c, control; t, treatment; and %PR, percent population reduction. Infestation levels or damages were recorded based on the work of Mackenzie et al. (1993) using a scale of 1–5 where, 0-1= =10% no damage; 2= =25% slight damage; 3= (25-50% moderate); 4= 50-75% severe); 5= >75% very severe damage.

Statistical Analysis

Data collected was performed as per the methods described by Gomez and Gomez (1984) using SAS computer software version 9.4. [42]. Differences among treatment means were compared using Tukey's Studentized range test at 0.05 probability level.

Results

Occurrences of Insect Pests

Whitefly: In this experiment three major sap-sucking insect pests were observed in the tomato plantations (Table 1). The population number of whiteflies and infestation (Fa,b = 33.7, 3.3; df =15; p < 0.001, Fa,b = 45.25, 3.3; df = 15; p<0.001) were significantly affected by the applied treatments, indicating that the population of whiteflies were highly reduced on the intercropped treatments.

Table 1: Seasonal incidence of Whiteflies in the sole and intercropped tomato during 2021.

  


    
Treatments 

    
Whiteflies 

  

  


    
NWPP

    
Infestation (%)

    
PROC (%)

  

  


    
Sole Tomato

    
11.69a±1.00

    
2.95a±0.10

    
-

  

  


    
Cabbage + Tomato

    
10.48a±0.46

    
2.19b±0.07

    
10.35

  

  


    
Common bean + Tomato

    
7.97b±0.99

    
1.90c±0.16

    
31.82

  

  


    
Onion + Tomato

    
5.09c±0.31

    
1.30d±0.04

    
56.46

  

  


    
Tobacco + Tomato

    
3.33d±0.54

    
1.20d±0.03

    
71.51

  

  


    
Karate + Tomato

    
3.07d±0.65

    
1.13d±0.07

    
73.74

  

  


    
P-value

    
<0.001 

    
<0.001 

    
 

  

  


    
LSD 

    
1.56 

    
0.25 

    
 

  

  


    
CV

    
14.96

    
9.49

    
 

  

  


    
Value with the same letters assigned    in the column is not significantly different at 0.05 level of significance. 


      NWPP, Number of Whiteflies per plant 


      PROC (%), Population    reduction over control 

  

Table 1: Seasonal incidence of Whiteflies in the sole and intercropped tomato during 2021.

Close

The result revealed that the lowest population of whiteflies from intercrops was recorded in tomato intercropped with onion (5.09), which resulted in lower percentage infestations (Table 2). Higher (2.95) infestations of whiteflies were recorded in the sole tomato plantations, indicating that intercropping of tomato with onion resulted in lower infestations of whiteflies in the current study.

Table 2: Seasonal incidence of Aphids spp. in the sole and intercropped tomato during 2021.

  


    
Treatments 

    
Aphids spp.

  

  


    
NAPP

    
Infestn (%)

    
PROC(%)

  

  


    
Sole Tomato

    
77.76a±2.65

    
1.95a±0.30

    
-

  

  


    
Cabbage + Tomato

    
72.74b±2.03

    
1.82a±0.09

    
6.46

  

  


    
Common bean + Tomato

    
58.01c±2.08

    
1.22b±0.07

    
25.40

  

  


    
Onion+ Tomato

    
28.67d±0.86

    
0.75c±0.54

    
63.13

  

  


    
Tobacco+ Tomato

    
17.64e±0.93

    
0.68c±0.57

    
77.31

  

  


    
Karate + Tomato

    
12.82f 0.62

    
0.68c±0.56

    
83.51

  

  


    
P-value

    
<0.001 

    
<0.001 

    
 

  

  


    
LSD 

    
4.72 

    
0.26 

    
 

  

  


    
CV

    
7.03

    
14.51

    
 

  

  


    
Mean value with the same letters is    not significantly different at 0.05 level of significance. 


      NAPP, Number of Aphids per plant


      Infestn (%), Infestation in percent


      PROC (%), Population    reduction over control 

  

Table 2: Seasonal incidence of Aphids spp. in the sole and intercropped tomato during 2021.

Close

Table 3: Seasonal incidence of thrips in the sole and intercropped tomato during 2021.

  


    
Treatments 

    
Thrips sp. 

  

  


    
NTPP

    
Infestn (%)

    
PROC (%)

  

  


    
Sole Tomato

    
2.12a±0.05

    
2.04a±0.06

    
- 

  

  


    
Cabbage + Tomato

    
1.81bc±0.04

    
1.39b±0.04

    
14.62 

  

  


    
Common bean + Tomato

    
1.99ab±0.05

    
1.46b±0.03

    
6.13 

  

  


    
Onion+ Tomato

    
1.59c±0.04

    
1.09c±0.04

    
25.00 

  

  


    
Tobacco+ Tomato

    
0.65d±0.04

    
0.68d±0.07

    
69.34 

  

  


    
Karate + Tomato

    
0.72d±0.04

    
0.68d±0.05

    
66.04 

  

  


    
P-value

    
<0.0001 

    
<0.001 

    
 

  

  


    
LSD 

    
0.22 

    
0.14 

    
 

  

  


    
CV

    
10.04

    
7.55

    
 

  

  


    
Mean value with the same letters is    not significantly different at 0.05 level of significance. 


      NTPP, Number of Thrips per plant


      PROC (%), Population reduction over    control


      Infestn (%),    Infestation in percent 

  

Table 3: Seasonal incidence of thrips in the sole and intercropped tomato during 2021.

Close

Aphids

The number of aphid spp. and infestation (Fa,b = 207.9, 3.3; df =15; p < 0.001, Fa,b = 28.98, 3.31; df = 15; p < 0.001) were significantly affected by the applied treatments, indicating that the population of aphids were highly reduced on the intercropped treatments.. Similarly, the result on the population densities of aphid spp. revealed minimum populations and infestation were recorded from tomato intercropped with onion (28.67, 0.75) (Table 2) among intercrops. Likely, intercropping of tomato with onion was effective in reducing the population densities and infestations of aphid spp. in tomato plantations. In coinciding with this result, Moono et al. (2019) [33] reported that tomato onion intercropping significantly affected the aphids that lower population was recorded in the intercropping compared to monoculture tomato plantations. Afifi et al. (1990) [2] reported that nymph populations of M. persicae were significantly higher on tomato grown alone than when grown with either onion or garlic and decreased by 86-87% of the population. The same result was obtained by Monika et al. (2005) [31] who suggested that intercropped mustard with coriander (Coriandrum sativum) resulted in a lower population of aphids in comparison to control plots.

Thrips

The number of thrips spp. and infestation (Fa,b = 47.46, 3.31; df = 15; p < 0.001; Fa,b = 80.42, 3.31; df = 15; p < 0.001) were significantly affected by the applied treatments, indicating that the population of thrips were highly reduced on the intercropped treatments. Moreover, lower thrips spp. Populations (1.59) and infestations (1.09) were recorded from onion intercropping, which resulted in higher thrips spp. reduction in comparison to control plots (Table 2).

Abundance of Natural enemies

Results of the study indicated that the treatments were highly significant in harboring various natural enemies except the synthetic insecticides, karate 5% EC. The result revealed that lady beetles or coccinelids (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) are the most abundant beneficial insects associated with tomato insect pests recorded on common bean intercropping (1.25) whereas lowest population was recorded on Karate 5% EC. Lace wings Chrysoperla zastrowi (Esben-Petersen) (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) were another predators that were significantly harbored in the tomato fields. From the table results, the most population was abundantly found on the head cabbage (1.15) and common bean intercropping (1.00) but no population was found in the chemically treated plots. Spiders (Araneae: Araneidae) were significantly found in the study field more abundantly mainly in the intercrops whereas the lowest population was seen in Karate 5% EC. The praying mantis (Dictyoptera: Mantidae) was highest in the common bean intercropping (1.08) which is statistically similar to onion intercropping (0.96). The least number of populations was obtained on karate 5%EC (0.17). Hover fly (Diptera: Syrphidae) was the most abundant on tomato cabbage intercropping (1.10) but the lowest population (0.58) was recorded in karate 5% EC. Predators, namely Nesidiocoris tenuis (Hemiptera: Miridae), were also carefully observed in the tomato field. The highest population was obtained in the onion intercrop (0.73), which is similar to the cabbage intercrop (0.70), while the least population was in carrots (0.13). Pirate bugs or Orius spp. (Hemiptera: Anthocoridae) populations were significantly different in tomato fields with different treatments, with a relatively higher population recorded in stitched tomatoes (0.48) similar to common bean (0.43) and cabbage (0.43) intercrops, while no on karate (0.00).

Aphelinus spp. and Aphididius spp (Aphelinidae and Braconidae) arthropod parasitoids were obtained from the aphid sample collected from the cabbage intercrops, common bean intercrops and sole crops after being tested in the laboratory (Table 4). This finding was similar to [37] who reported natural enemies commonly used in greenhouse tomato crops to include the parasitoids Aphidius spp and Aphelinus spp on aphids. Junhe et al. (2017) [23] reported that the abundance levels of natural enemies and the control rates of parasitoids were maximum in the intercropping and minimum in monoculture in wheat maize intercropping. Canola (Brassica napus L) as an intercrop with common bean used as aphidid parasitoid promotion which was stated by Sarwar (2013) [41]. The maximum parasitism rate was recorded in head cabbage intercrops on the host aphids, respectively. The parasitoids were identified as Aphidiius spp. and Aphelinus sp. (Figure 1) up on the taxonomic identification keys. In the other studies, Fening et al. (2020) stated intercropping promoted the natural enemy abundance.

Table 4: population abundance of predators in tomato during January to May in 2021.

  


    
Trts

    
Lady Beetles

    
Lace


      wings

    
Spiders

    
Pray mantis

    
Hover flies

    
Mirid


      predators

    
Pirate


      bugs

  

  


    
Sole Tomato

    
0.98bc

    
0.45bc

    
0.71a

    
0.75b

    
0.88b

    
0.4bc

    
0.48a

  

  


    
Cabbage + Tomato

    
1.15ab

    
1.15a

    
0.82a

    
0.79b

    
1.10a

    
0.70a

    
0.43a

  

  


    
bean + Tomato

    
1.25a

    
1.00a

    
0.93a

    
1.08a

    
0.98ab

    
0.60ab

    
0.43a

  

  


    
Onion+ Tomato

    
0.96bc

    
0.65b

    
0.71a

    
0.96a

    
0.94ab

    
0.73a

    
0.29b

  

  


    
Tobacco+ Tomato

    
0.90c

    
0.30c

    
0.79a

    
0.79b

    
0.85b

    
0.33cd

    
0.20b

  

  


    
Karate + Tomato

    
0.19d

    
0.00d

    
0.12b

    
0.17c

    
0.58c

    
0.13d

    
0.00c

  

  


    
LSD

    
0.24 

    
0.26

    
0.22

    
0.16

    
0.21

    
0.24

    
0.12

  

  


    
CV

    
17.37

    
29.54

    
21.78

    
14.44

    
15.75

    
32.68

    
23.75

  

  


    
Value    with the same letters in the column is not significantly different at 0.05    level of significance 

  

Table 4: population abundance of predators in tomato during January to May in 2021.

Close

Table 5: The occurrences of parasitoids and their parasitism rate on tomato collected in 2021.

  


    
Treatments

    
Host Insect

    
Order: Family: Parasitoids

    
Parasitism Rate (%)

  

  


    
Tomato sole

    
Aphids

    
Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae: Aphelinus sp.

    
0.67 

  

  


    
Tomato + Cabbage

    
Aphids

    
Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae: Aphelinus sp.


      Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Aphidius sp.

    
1.33 


      1.33

  

  


    
Tomato + bean

    
 

      
Aphids

    
Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae: Aphelinus sp.


      Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Aphidius sp.

    
0.67 


      0.67

  

  


    
Tomato + Onion

    
-

    
-

    
-

  

  


    
Tomato + Tobacco

    
-

    
-

    
-

  

  


    
Tomato + Karate

    
-

    
-

    
-

  

Table 5: The occurrences of parasitoids and their parasitism rate on tomato collected in 2021.

Close

Figure 1: Parasitoids of aphids (Fig. A-Aphidius sp; B- Aphelinus sp) recorded from tomato experimental farm, Haramaya University, Rare research farm, in 2021and identified in the Haramaya University Protection laboratory by Senior Entomologist.

    


    


    Figure 1: Parasitoids of aphids (Fig. A-Aphidius sp; B- Aphelinus sp) recorded from tomato experimental farm, Haramaya University, Rare research farm, in 2021and identified in the Haramaya

University Protection laboratory by Senior Entomologist.

    

Close

Discussion

The number of insect pests and their infection of host crops are positively impacted by crop variety. This study shows that whereas sap-sucking insect pests decimated monocropped plants, they had no effect at on intercropped plants. Lower densities of Bemitsia tabaci populations were also reported on tomatoes grown in intercrops with garlic (Allium sativum L.), onions (Allium cepa L.), and common beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) [49]. This indicates that the quantity of whiteflies on tomato plants was greatly impacted by the presence of companion plants, such as onions and common beans. In the open-field experiment, tomatoes interplanted with basil and coriander decreased the whitefly population by 37.7% mean reduction [8]. Coriander intercropping decreased the number of whitefly nymphs in irrigation systems in a similar pattern [48]. According to Islam et al. (2011) [22], aromatic plants, such as onions, produce large amounts of volatile secondary metabolites that are intended to disguise or repel scents in order to disrupt insect pests' host selection. This could explain why whiteflies have a negative effect on onion intercrops. Aphid spp. infestations and population densities in tomato plantations were probably reduced by intercropping tomatoes with onions. In line with these findings, Moono et al. (2019) [33] found that intercropping tomatoes and onions had a substantial impact on aphid populations, with fewer numbers observed in the intercropping than in monoculture tomato farms. According to Afifi et al. (1990) [2], nymph populations of M. persicae reduced by 86–87 percent when grown on tomato alone as opposed to when cultivated with either onion or garlic. Monika et al. (2005) [31] reported a similar outcome, indicating that intercropping mustard with coriander (Coriandrum sativum) led to a reduced aphid population when compared to control plots. The best control strategy was to intercrop tomatoes and onions. According to Azouz (2016) [4], tomato garlic intercropping considerably decreased the population of thrips as compared to tomato single cropping, which is consistent with these findings. Since tomato and onion intercropping decreased the population of onion thrips compared to onion sole crops, onions can also be employed as trap crops for onion thrips in other situations [17]. According to Mohammed et al. (2021), when garlic and peas were interplanted, there was a reduction in the amount of pods infected with Etiella zinckenella as compared to when peas were planted alone.

The companion crops are more effectively harbored the natural enemies in the open field. The results are consistent with those of Sujayanand et al. (2015) [44], who observed that maize interplanted with eggplants harbored a significant population of coccinellids and syrphids, which may have contributed to a decrease in leafhopper nymphs on eggplants as well as the harboring of lace wings (Chrysoperla zastrowi). The intercropping of cabbage onions was shown to have the highest density of ladybird beetles by Fening et al. (2020) [13], while the populations of hoverflies (Paragus borbonicus) and spiders (Araneae) did not change substantially from solitary cabbage. According to Rahman et al. (2018) [38], arthropod predators were classified into five taxonomic orders based on how frequently they were found in intercropping tomato, onion, garlic, lettuce, and brinjal. of these orders, Acari had the highest abundance (31.4%), followed by Hymenoptera (24.6%), Coleoptera (17.4%), Diptera (15.0%), and Neuropteran. (11.5%). The findings from Mochiah et al. (2011)'s [29] study on the relationship between cabbage and tomatoes showed that the number of ladybird beetles, spiders, and black ants was higher on the solo crop of cabbage, which was in contrast to the data showing a much higher number of predators on the intercropped plots compared to the sole tomato. Son et al. (2018) [43] reported that in tomato plots with aromatic plants, the auxiliaries' families (predators and parasitoids) were more prevalent than in tomato plots without relationship. Moreover, Parthiban et al. (2018) [36] revealed that when groundnuts and onions were interplanted, more lace wings and coccinellids were discovered to be harbored in the intercrops than in the solo crops. Several helpful insects were discovered on the companion crops in addition to the previously stated predators of tomato insect pests. Aeolothrips Spp., a predatory thrip, was identified in tomato fields and was widely distributed on onion intercrops. According to Fok et al. (2014), plant-feeding thrips can be effectively controlled by using natural enemies such mites, minute pirate bugs, predatory thrips, and specific parasitic wasps. Additionally, according to Gebretsadkan et al. (2018), there were considerably more predatory thrips (Aeolothrips spp.) in onion intercropped with cabbage and carrot than in plots treated with karate.

Furthermore, compared to farmers' fields (monoculture), Son et al. (2018) [43] found that the tomato-onion combination had the fewest tomato insect pests. Companion plant volatiles, which disrupt the host plant's location and react chemically and physiologically to render it unsuitable for the insect, are thought to be the cause of the attraction or draw of insects away from the target plant when compatible plants are interplanted [34]. Certain compounds produced by onions resist a variety of insect pests, including sucking insect pests [22]. In general, intercropping prevents the growth of insect pests and promotes the spread of natural enemies by offering additional food and shelter. Furthermore, it's possible that the volatiles in aromatic plants deterred insect pests, lowering their populations. [44]. Alternative hosts for sap-sucking insects include head cabbages and common beans. However, a population decline in the primary crop was noted in this study; possible causes include the presence of physically prohibitive barriers to movement, confounding masking chemical stimuli, and companion plants that serve as natural enemies' havens [52].

Conclusion

While intercropping increased the occurrence of some natural enemies, it had a negative effect on sap-sucking insect pests. Even though the number of insect pests was decreased by the intercrops, tomato onion intercropping, after synthetic chemicals and botanical extract, had the greatest impact on the population decline of tomato insect pests when compared to other cropping systems. The intercropping treatments with relatively high parasitism rates have largely natural enemies, a few predators, and parasitoids; this illustrates the harboring impact of diverse crops as opposed to monocropping. Consequently, intercropping tomatoes and onions is a valuable alternative management strategy for reducing insect pests of tomato crops and establishing sustainable habitats for beneficial organisms.

References

1. Abigail M, Danny CM. Testing Garlic (Allium sativum) Intercropped with Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) In the Control of Aphids. The International Journal of Multi-Disciplinary Research. 2019.
2. Afifi FML, Haydar MF, Omar HIH. Effect of different intercropping systems on tomato infestation with major insect pests; Bemisia tabaci (Genn.) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae), Myzus persicae Sulzer (Homoptera: Aphididae) and Phthorimaea operculella Zeller (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae). Bulletin of Faculty of Agriculture, University of Cairo. 1990; 41: 885-900.
3. Alam MS, Huda MN, Rahman MS, Azad AKM, Rahman MM, Molla MM. Character association and path analysis of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.). J Biosci Agric Res. 2019; 22: 1815–1822.
4. Azouz H. The effect of Intercropping Tomato with Garlic Plants on the Corresponding infestation with some Pests at Beni-Suif Governorate. Egyptian Academic Journal of Biological Sciences. 2016; 9: 1–6.
5. Balcha KD, Derbew B, Jima N. Evaluation of Tomato (Lycopersicon Esculentum Mill.) Varieties for Growth and Seed Quality under Jimma Condition, South Western Ethiopia. International Journal of Crop Science and Technology. 2016; 2: 69-77
6. Bambhaniya VS, Khanpara AV, Patel HN. Bio-Efficacy of insecticides against sucking pests; whitefly and aphid infesting tomato. Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry. 2018; 7: 2051-2059.
7. Bugti GA. Varietal Preference of Insect Pests on Tomato Crop in District Naseerabad Balochistan Pakistan. Journal of Entomology and Zoology Study. 2016; 4: 328–330.
8. Carvalho MG, Orcial CB, Mauricio UV. Aromatic plants affect the selection of host tomato plants by Bemisia tabaci biotype B. The Netherlands Entomological Society Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata. 2017; 162: 86-92.
9. CSA. Agricultural sample survey report on area and production of major crops. The federal democratic republic of Ethiopia central statistical agency agricultural sample survey. 2018.
10. Dube J, Ddamulira G, Maphosa M. Tomato Breeding in Sub-Saharan Africa - Challenges and Opportunities. African Crop Science Journal. 2020; 28: 131-140
11. Emana B, Ayana A, Balemi T, Temesgen M. Scoping study on vegetables seed systems and policy in Ethiopia. Final Report, Asian Vegetable Research and Development Center, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. 2014.
12. FAOSTAT. 2019. Available at: http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#home
13. Fening KO, Amoabeng BW, Adama I, Mochiah MB, Braimah H, Owusu-Akyaw M, et al. Sustainable management of two key pests of cabbage, Brassica oleraceae var. capitata L. (Brassicaceae), using homemade extracts from garlic and hot pepper. Organic Agriculture. 2013; 3: 163–173.
14. Gashawbeza A, Abiy F. Occurance and Distribution of a New Species of Tomato Fruit worm, Tuta absoluta Meyrick (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) in Central Rift Valley of Ethiopia. Proceedings of the 4th Binneial Conference of Ethiopian Horticultural Science Society. Ambo, Ethiopia. 2013; 12-13.
15. Gebretsadkan Z, Mulatu W, Gashawbeza A. Management of Onion Thrips [Thrips tabaci Lind. (Thysanoptera: Thripidae)] on onion using eco-friendly cultural practices and varieties of onion in Central Zone of Tigray, Ethiopia. Journal of Agriculture and Ecology Research International. 2019; 18: 1-10.
16. Gilbertson RL, Batuman O, Webster CG, Adkins S. Role of the insect supervectors Bemisia tabaci and Frankliniella occidentalis in the emergence and global spread of plant viruses. Annual Review of Virology. 2015; 2: 67–93.
17. Habib AK, Mitha K, Sher A, Imran K, Amir B, Abdul R, et al. Effect of Trap Crops (Tomato, Carrot, Wheat) on the Population of Thrips on Onion Crop. International Journal of Academic Management Science Research. 2019; 3: 25-31.
18. Haldhar SM, Saha RK, Nagesh M, Bakthavatsalam N, Sinha B. National Conference on Priorities in Crop Protection for Sustainable Agriculture. Souvenir-cum-Abstract Book. Pub: Directorate of Extension Education. CAU, Imphal. 2021; 282.
19. Hilje L, Stansly PA. Living ground covers for management of Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) and tomato yellow mottle virus (ToYMoV) in Costa Rica. Crop Protection. 2008; 27: 10-16.
20. Huda MN, Jahan T, Taj HFE, Asiry KAA. Newly Emerged Pest of Tomato [Tomato Leaf Miner, Tuta absoluta Meyrick (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae)]: In Bangladesh—A Review on Its Problems and Management Strategies. Journal of Agriculture and Ecological Research International. 2020; 21: 1–16.
21. Ireri DF, Murungi LK, Ngeno DC, Mbaka J. Farmer knowledge of bacterial wilt and root-knot nematodes and practices to control the pathogens in high tunnel tomato production in the tropics. International Journal of Vegetable Science. 2018; 1-13.
22. Islam MT, Olleka A, Ren S. Influence of neem on susceptibility of Beauveria bassiana and investigation of their combined efficacy against sweetpotato whitefly, Bemisia tabaci on eggplant. Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology. 2011; 98: 45-49.
23. Junhe L, Yan Y, Abid A ID, Ningtao W, Zihua Z, Mingfu Y. Effects of Wheat-Maize Intercropping on Population Dynamics of Wheat Aphids and Their Natural Enemies. 2017; 9: 1390.
24. Kaur H, Rishi P. Nematicidal effect of neem and Bt on Meloidogyne incognita Infesting tomato plant by seed dressing treatment. Discovery Agriculture. 2014; 2: 28-40.
25. Khafagy IF. The Role of Some Aromatic Plants Intercropping on Tuta absoluta Infestation and the Associated Predators on Tomato. Egyptian Journal of Plant Protection Research. 2015; 3: 37-53.
26. Li XW, Lu XX, Zhang ZJ, Huang J, Zhang JM, Wang LK, et al. Intercropping rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis) with sweet pepper (capsicum annum) reduces major pest population densities without impacting natural enemy populations. Insects. 2021; 12: 74.
27. Matthews GA. Attitudes and behaviours regarding use of crop protection products—A survey of more than 8500 smallholders in 26 countries. Journal of Crop Protection. 2008; 27: 834–846.
28. Mehraj H, Mutahera S, Roni MZK, Nahiyan ASM, Jamal UAFM. Performance Assessment of Twenty Tomato Cultivar for Summer Cultivation in Bangladesh. Journal of Science and Technology. 2014; 1: 45-53.
29. Mochiah MB, Philip KB, Afrakomah O, Michael O. Tomato as an Intercropped Plant on the Pests and Natural Enemies of the Pests of Cabbage (Brassica Oleracea). International Journal of Plant, Animal and Environmental Science. 2011.
30. Mohamed HEAS, Badawy, Safaa M, Abdel-Aziz, El-Gepaly HMKH. Effect of Peas and Garlic Intercropping on Population Density of Some Pests in Sohag Governorate. Journal of Plant Production 2021; 12: 179–186.
31. Monika T, Singh CP, Rajeev G. Effect of intercropping on the population, dynamics of insect pests and yield of mustard. New Delhi, India: Mrs Aisha Shams. 2005; 12: 106-110.
32. Moodley VA, Gubba PL, Mafongoya RM. A survey of whiteflytransmitted viruses on tomato crops in South Africa. Crop Prot. 2019; 123: 21-29.
33. Moono A, Lusaka Z, Musenge DC. Testing Garlic (Allium sativum) Intercropped with Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) In the Control of Aphids. The International Journal of Multi-Disciplinary Research. 2019.
34. Moreno CR, Racelis AE. Attraction, repellence, and predation: Role of companion plants in regulating Myzus persicae (Sulzer) (Hemiptera: aphidae) in organic kale systems of south Texas. Southwest Entomology. 2015; 40: 1–14.
35. Moreno CR, Racelis AE. Attraction, repellence, and predation: Role of companion plants in regulating Myzus persicae (Sulzer) (Hemiptera: aphidae) in organic kale systems of south Texas. Southwest Entomology. 2015.
36. Parker JE, Snyder WE, Hamilton GC, Rodriguez-Saona C. Companion Planting and Insect Pest Control. In Weed and Pest Control–Conventional and New Challenges, Sonia Soloneski S, Larramendy M (eds). InTech. 2013; 1–30.
37. Parthiban P, Chinniah C, Murali BRK, Suresh K, Ravi Kumar A. Positive Influence of Intercrops on Natural Enemies in Groundnut Eco-System. International Journal of Research Studies in Zoology. 2018; 4: 1-6.
38. Perdikis D, Kapaxidi E, Papadoulis G. Biological control of insects and mite pests in greenhouse solanaceous crops. European Journal of Plant Science and Biotechnology. 2008; 2: 125-144.
39. Rahman MA, Amin MR, Miah MRU, Khan MAA. Arthropod Fauna and Their Relative Abundance in Tomato Intercropping System. Annals of Bangladesh Agriculture. 2018; 22: 59-65
40. Russell DA. A simple Method for improving estimates of percentage parasitism by insect parasitoids from field sampling of hosts. New Zealand Entomology. 1987; 10: 38-40.
41. Rwomushana I, Beale T, Chipabika G, Day R, Gonzalez-Moreno P, Lamontagne-Godwin J, et al. Tuta absoluta: Impacts and coping strategies for Africa. Tomato leafminer (Tuta absoluta): impacts and coping strategies for Africa. 2020.
42. Sarwar M. Frequency of insect and mite fauna in chilies Capsicum annum L., Onion Allium cepa L. and Garlic Allium sativum L. Cultivated areas, and their integrated management. International Journal of Agronomy and Plant Production. 2012; 3: 173-178.
43. SAS. Base SAS 9.4 procedures guide: Statistical procedures. 2013; 40.
44. Son D, Somda I, Legreve A, Schiffers B. Effect of plant diversification on pest abundance and tomato yields in two cropping systems in Burkina Faso: farmer practices and integrated pest management. International Journal of Biological and Chemical Sciences. 2018; 12: 101-119.
45. Sujayanand GK, Sharma RK, Shankarganesh K, Saha S, Tomar RS. Crop Diversification for Sustainable Insect Pest Management in Eggplant (Solanales: Solanaceae). Florida Entomologist. 2015; 98: 305-314.
46. Sujayanand, GK, Sharma RK, Shankarganesh K, Saha S, Tomar RS. Crop Diversification for Sustainable Insect Pest Management in Eggplant (Solanales: Solanaceae). Florida Entomologist. 2015; 98: 305-314
47. Tadele S. Evaluation of Improved Tomato Varieties (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) Performance against Major Insect Pests under Open Field and Glasshouse. International Journal of Research Studies in Agricultural Sciences. 2016: 1-7.
48. Tadele S. Evaluation of Insecticides on Management of some Sucking Insect Pests in Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) in West Shoa Zone, Toke kutaye District, Ethiopia. Journal of Science and Sustainable Development. 2020; 8: 43-49.
49. Thomine E, Mumford J, Rusch A, Desneux N. Using crop diversity to lower pesticide use: Socio-ecological approaches. Sci. Total Environ. 2022; 80: 150-156.
50. Togni BHP, Marouelli WA, Inoue-Nagata AK, Pires CSS, Sujii ER. Integrated cultural practices for whitefly management in organic tomato. Journal of Applied Entomology. 2018; 142: 998–1007.
51. Verma AK, Mitra P, Saha AK, Ghatak SS, Bajpai AK. Effect of trap crops on the population of the whitefly Bemisia tabaci (Genn.) and the diseases transmitted by it. Bull. Indian Academic Series. 2011; 15: 99–106.
52. Wang X, Liu J, Zhu X. Early real-time detection algorithm of tomato diseases and pests in the natural environment. Plant Methods. 2021; 43.
53. Yankova V. Damage caused by tomato leaf miner (Tuta absoluta Meyrick) in tomato varieties grown in greenhouse. Journal of Plant Science. 2012; 49: 92-97.
54. Zhou A, Hai-bo B, Ju-lian C, Yong L, Francis F, Haubruge E, et al. Influence of Garlic Intercropping or Active Emitted Volatiles in Releasers on Aphid and Related Beneficial in Wheat Fields in China. Journal of Integrative Agriculture. 2013; 12: 467-473.

Download PDF

Citation: Dabalo B, Wakgari M, Fite T. Role of Crop Diversification on Occurrence of Sap-sucking Insect pests and their Associated Natural Enemies on Tomato in Eastern Ethiopia. J Bacteriol Mycol. 2024; 11(1): 1215.

Home

Journal Scope

Editorial Board

Instruction for Authors

Submit Your Article

Contact Us