Probiotic Flavored Fermented Goat Milk as An Adequate Vehicle for Beneficial Bacteria and Higher Total Phenolic and Antioxidant Activity

Abstract

The study aimed to evaluate two grape flavored fermented goat milk produced with or without probiotics. Physicochemical characteristics, sensory analysis, antioxidant profile and probiotics viability of the dairy beverages were analyzed. The phenolic contents and antioxidant activity of probiotic milk were higher than conventional milk. A higher loss in cell viability was observed for L. acidophilus than for the B. animalis. The average sensory acceptability scores obtained by both dairy beverages were higher than 6.5. Therefore, the probiotic fermented milk showed an adequate vehicle for the probiotics with good viability, a higher total phenolic and antioxidant activity and good acceptability.

Keywords: Goat milk; Probiotic; Dairy beverage; Gastrointestinal simulation

Introduction

Probiotic functional foods are reported to provide several health benefits. Their efficacy are influenced by the selection of microbial cultures and the concentration of viable population in the product [32]. Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium are associated with maintaining an optimum gut microbiota balance [35], decreasing the lactose intolerance symptoms [30], immune system stimulation [25], and presents antioxidative properties [26].

Probiotics have become an integral part of the complex world as biologics, pharmaceuticals, food and nutritional supplements due to their potential of providing health benefits. Currently, there is a notable increase in the consumption of non-bovine milk in substitution to conventional milk [40]. The specific nutritional composition of goat mill is related to higher protein digestibility, during digestion or technological processing, which can exert beneficial properties to the organism [37]. However, caprine milk products it is not widely accepted by consumers, mainly due to its typical flavor derived from their capric, caproic and caprylic acids content [16]. It is noted that the association of probiotic fermented milk with functional ingredients, such as juice, improves its nutritional profile as well as its sensory attributes [40]. In this way, purple grape juice stands out due to its pleasant flavor and flavonoids concentration, specifically anthocyanidins and resveratrol [13]. These compounds have important biological functions and health benefits, acting on the oxidative and inflammatory process [28].

Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) mediated oxidative stress are known to play vital role in the development of chronic diseases such as cancer, diabetes, heart disease, stroke, Alzheimer's disease, rheumatoid arthritis, cataract and aging [3]. Thus, a novel approach is represented by the development of probiotic products exerting antioxidant activity. To neutralize the oxidant molecules, the human body synthesizes antioxidant enzymes and molecules that, together with the antioxidants contained in food, form a biological antioxidant barrier to chemicals that induce oxidative stress, either by generating ROS or by inhibiting antioxidant system [22]. Furthermore, the administration of probiotic lactic acid bacteria can modulate the gut microbiota composition and activity, influencing the metabolism of polyphenols and the release of bioactive metabolites at the intestinal level. However, there are a limited number of studies about the contribution of probiotic bacteria to the antioxidant activity of probiotic beverages [23].

The viability of probiotic microorganisms in food products and their resistance during the gastrointestinal transit is necessary to obtain health benefits related to activities exerted at the intestinal level [31]. In the production of flavored fermented milks, the addition of fruit juices or pulps may interfere in the survival of probiotic microorganisms [12], and should be investigated. Few publications on probiotic flavored fermented goat milk are available in literature [33,34,40]. Thus, the present study aimed to evaluate the viability and in vitro gastrointestinal tolerance of probiotics Bifidobacterium animalis and Lactobacillus acidophilus in flavored fermented milk produced with goat milk and grape juice, and their influence on the antioxidant activity, total phenolic content, texture and sensory features of the beverages during refrigerated storage.

Materials and Methods

Production of the Flavored Fermented Milk

The Probiotic Fermented Milk (PFM) and Conventional Fermented Milk (CFM) were produced using the commercial starter culture Streptococcus thermophilus TA-40 (Danisco, Sassenage, France; 0.003 g/100 g). The PFM was added by B. animalis subsp. lactis BB-12 and L. acidophilus La-5 (Chr. Hansen, Hørsholm, Denmark; 0.024 g/100 g). Goat milk provided by Embrapa Goats and Sheep (Sobral, Ceará, Brazil) was supplemented with 5% (w/v) sucrose and pasteurized at 90°C for 15 min, then cooled to 43±2°C for the addition of the starter and probiotic cultures. The fermentation process was conducted at 40±1°C until reaching pH 5.0±0.1. Next, the fermented milk temperature was decreased to 4°C up to the following day, and then the beverages were flavored with 20% (w/v) of purple grape juice obtained from Embrapa Grapes and Wine (Bento Gonçalves, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil). All ingredients were mixed with a blender to form a homogeneous product. The final product was packed in polypropylene bottles and stored at 4±1°C for further analysis. The CFM was used for analysis of physicochemical properties and sensory quality in comparison with PFM. Total solids, total dietary fiber, ash, fat, and protein content were determined for PFM on the seventh day of storage (AOAC, 2012). All the analyses were performed in triplicate and were expressed as g/100g of whole matter.

Physicochemical Parameters and Instrumental Analysis

During fermentation and at 1, 7, 14, 21 e 28 days of storage at 4°C, PFM samples were taken to determine pH (pH meter Jenway 3510, Staffordshire, UK) and titratable acidity. Titratable acidity was determined according to standard methods and expressed as g/100 g lactic acid [21]. Firmness, consistency, cohesiveness and viscosity index were evaluated in CFM and PFM samples after 1, 14 and 21 days of storage using a back extrusion cell (A/BE) on a Texture Analyzer TA-XTPlus (Stable Micro Systems, Surrey, UK), as described by Buriti et al. (2014). The analyses were performed in quadruplicate.

Total Phenolic Content and Antioxidant Activity

The total phenolic compounds content in CFM and PFM were determined using the Folin-Ciocalteu method [45]. Aliquots of 0.5 mL of each fermented milk extract were added to 0.5 mL of Folin-Ciocalteu reagent (20%). After homogenization, 0.5 mL of sodium carbonate (7.5%) was added. The reaction mixture was homogenized by vortex (2865 g, 10 s) and incubated at room temperature (30 min). The reading of absorbance was performed in spectrophotometer (Thermo scientific, Evolution 606, USA) at 765 nm. Analytical curve of gallic acid (0.0 to 250 μg/mL, R2=0.999) was used to quantify the compounds. The results were expressed in mg of gallic acid equivalents/mL (mg GAE/mL). In a test tube, protected from light, aliquots of samples (PFM and CFM) were added to 1.5 mL of methanolic DPPH solution (1.1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) and stirred by vortex (3000 rpm) for 30 s. After 30 min of standing, the absorbance of the solution was read in a spectrophotometer (Thermo scientific, 606 Evolution, USA) at 517 nm (Bloor, 2001). The scavenging activity was estimated based on the percentage of DPPH radical scavenged as the following equation: Scavenging ability (%) = [(control absorbance – sample absorbance) / (control absorbance)] x 100

Microbial Viability

Populations of S. thermophillus, B. animalis and L. acidophilus in PFM was determined after 1, 7, 14, 21 and 28 days of storage at 4 °C. The samples were serially diluted in sterile peptone water (1g/L) and subsequently plated, in duplicate. S. thermophilus enumeration was performed on M17 agar, containing lactose (Vetec, Duque de Caxias, Brazil; 5g/L), and incubated at 37°C for 48h. Populations of L. acidophilus were enumerated by pour plating 1 mL of adequate dilutions into MRS agar (Oxoid Basingstoke, UK), followed by incubation at 37°C for 72 h. For the selective enumeration of B. animalis, 1mL of adequate dilutions were pour plated in modified DeMan-Rogosa-Sharpe (MRS) agar (Oxoid, Basingstoke, UK), prepared with dicloxacillin (Sigma, St. Louis, US), cysteine hydrochloride (Cromoline, Diadema, Brazil), and lithium chloride (Cinética^®, Jandira, Brazil) to reach a concentration of 0.5 mg/L, 0.5 g/L and 1 g/L, respectively, followed by incubation at 37°C for 72h. All bacteria were incubated in anaerobic jars (Anaerobic System Anaerogen, Oxoid, UK), except S. thermophilus, which was incubated under aerobic conditions. The results were expressed as of log colony forming units per gram (CFU/mL).

Resistance to Simulated Gastrointestinal Conditions

PFM samples were collected at 7 days of storage for the evaluation of L. acidophilus and B. animalis survival to gastric and enteric simulated conditions according to the method described by Liserre and Franco (2007), with modifications. Samples were decimally diluted in a sterile 0.85% (w/v) NaCl solution. For the gastric phase simulation, the pH was set at 2.5 with 1 N HCl solution. Pepsin (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, USA) and lipase (Aldrich Chemical Company, Milwaukee, USA) solutions were added to reach final concentrations of 3.0 g/L and 0.9 g/L, respectively. The flasks were incubated at 37°C for 2 h under agitation (150 rpm). Subsequently, enteric conditions were simulated in two phases. In the enteric phase 1, the pH was increased to 5.0 with a sterile alkaline solution (150 mL of 1 N NaOH, 14 g of PO4H2Na.2H20 and distilled water up to one 1 L), and bovine bile and pancreatin (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, USA) were added to reach a concentration of 10 g/L and of 1 g/L, respectively. After 2 h of incubation at the same conditions, the pH was adjusted to 6.5 - 7.0, and the respective bile and pancreatin concentrations were adjusted to 10 g/L and 1 g/L for the second enteric phase, followed by an additional incubation period of 2 h. In order to enumerate the viable L. acidophilus and B. animalis cells, aliquots were taken at the assay baseline (0 h) and after 2, 4 and 6 h and serially diluted in peptone water solution. Adequate dilutions (1 mL) were pour plated in acidified MRS agar, followed by anaerobic incubation at 37°C for 48 h. A survival ratio (SR%) was calculated based on the initial and final populations to estimate the relative resistance of each strain to the simulated TGI conditions. All results are presented as log CFU/mL.

Sensory Analysis

The sensory evaluation of the flavored fermented goat milk was approved by the Federal University of Viçosa Human Ethics Research Committee, Brazil (Process No. 219.644; CAAE: 13380413.8.0000.5153) and was carried out at the Laboratory of Sensory Analysis of UNINTA College. Sensory evaluation was performed with CFM and PFM samples after 7 days of cold storage (4±1°C) through acceptability tests, using the hybrid hedonic scale (1 = disliked extremely, 5=neither liked nor disliked, 9=liked extremely) focusing on attributes of taste, flavor, color, consistency and overall acceptability [38]. The samples were maintained under refrigeration prior the tests and served, monadically, in individual disposable plastic cups (approximately 30 mL) codified with three random digits. The sensory test was carried out with 63 untrained panelists aged 19 – 40 years old recruited among potential consumers of the beverages, and performed in individual booths. Water and unsalted crackers were available during a 1 min rest period between sample sets to refresh the palate. The consumers were also instructed to report the sensory attributes that they liked and disliked most in the samples.

Statistical Analysis

The experimental data were analyzed by SPSS software version 20 (IBM, Armonk, NY) and the results were expressed as mean±Standard Deviation (SD). Values were the average of quadruplicate/triplicate/duplicate experiments. Before analysis, data were checked for the normality, homogeneity of variances and sphericity using the Shapiro-Wilk, Levene’s and Mauchly’s tests, respectively. Differences between trials (CFM and PFM) in a single moment were tested using unpaired t test or Mann-Whitney test. Differences between experimental storage periods were statistically analyzed using repeated measures Analysis of Variance (ANOVA), followed by the post hoc Bonferroni test, taking on p<0.05. When normality was not found, the equivalent non-parametric tests were applied. Differences at p<0.05 were considered to be significant.

Results and Discussion

Composition, Physicochemical and Instrumental Analysis

Probiotic Flavored Fermented goat Milk (PFM) had the following chemical composition: total solids 17.3±0.04 g/100g, protein 2.47±0.02 g/100g, fat 2.64±0.02 g/100g, ash 0.74±0.01 g/100g and total dietary fiber 0.14±0.01 g/100g. Total solids, protein and fat contents of PFM were found to be lower than other study [29], reflecting the higher moisture content in flavored fermented milk due to the addition of grape juice. Changes in these parameters, especially total solids and fat content may affect physical-chemical properties such as viscosity, syneresis and water holding capacity [39].

The texture parameters analyse of the dairy beverages are presented in Table 1. The measured firmness, consistency, cohesiveness and viscosity index of Conventional Fermented Milk (CFM) showed an increase during the 28 days of storage, but the values registered at 14 and 28 days did not differ significantly (p>0.05). Interestingly, these parameters values increased only until day 14 (p<0.05) for PFM, however, did not affect the sensory acceptability scores. PFM presented a lower viscosity index on the first day of storage (p=0.04) compared to CFM, and no significant difference was detected for firmness and consistency (p>0.05) when the two trials were compared at the same sampling period. However, little information exists about the influence of probiotic strains on physicochemical properties of dairy beverages. Fermented milk prepared using only probiotic strains, such as L. acidophilus and Bifidobacterium spp. are often characterized by the undesirable sensory proprieties and texture [40], whereas physical properties such as firmness and ability to retain water are important factors for quality assessment [18]. As we report below, these parameters were not affected in the present study, probable due to the presence of starter culture S. thermophilus in both beverages.

Table 1: Texture analyses of fermented goat milk beverages during 28 days of storage at 4±1 °C.

  


    
Beverages 

    
Time


      (days) 

    
Firmness


      N x102 

    
Consistency


      N x 102 s 

    
Cohesiveness


      N x102 

    
Viscosity index


      N x 102 s 

  

  


    
CFM 

    
1 

    
12.19±0.18A 

    
241.70±5.96A 

    
8.06±0.16A 

    
14.94±0.87A,a 

  

  


    
14 

    
15.99±0.40B 

    
369.52±5.35B 

    
10.75±0.30B 

    
17.59±1.31B 

  

  


    
28 

    
16.41±0.77B 

    
369.60±4.32B 

    
11.71±0.59B,a 

    
19.42±1.06B 

  

  


    
Overall mean 

    
14.87±2.03 

    
326.60±62.88 

    
10.17±1.64 

    
17.31±2.16 

  

  


    
PFM 

    
1 

    
12.06±0.23A 

    
234.86±2.70A 

    
8.01±0.13A 

    
13.26±0.48A,b 

  

  


    
14 

    
15.99±0.20B 

    
369.61±2.63B 

    
10.75±0.15B 

    
17.63±0.55B 

  

  


    
28 

    
16.15±0.29B 

    
369.81±3.60B 

    
10.95±0.20B,b 

    
18.50±0.75B 

  

  


    
Overall mean 

    
14.73±2.10 

    
324.76±66.61 

    
9.90±1.43 

    
16.46±2.43 

  

  


    
Values are mean ± SD of four replicate    determinations. A-C Different superscript capital letters in a    column for a same beverage denote significant differences (p<0.05) between    sampling days. a-b Different superscript letters in a column    denote significant differences (p<0.05) between trials for a same moment.    There was no significant difference between trials for overall mean. CFM:    Conventional Fermented Milk; PFM: Probiotic Fermented Milk. 

  

Table 1: Texture analyses of fermented goat milk beverages during 28 days of storage at 4±1 °C.

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The use of a combination of starter and probiotic cultures requires an adequate formulation that should guarantee rapid acidification during fermentation and reproducibility of the fermented milks features. The time needed to reach pH 5.0±0.1 during the fermentation was lower for PFM as compared to CFM (2h 30 min vs 5 h; p<0.001). In this way, we obtained a PFM with adequate technological parameters, with time of fermentation lower than others study developed with non-flavored fermented goat milk containing lactobacillus cultures (48 h to reach pH 3.06) [36] or S. thermophilus ST-20Y, L. acidophilus La-5 and B. animalis BB-12 (6 h to reach pH 5.0) [29].

During refrigerated storage, the pH of PFM ranged from 4.10 to 4.19 (p< 0.001), indicating no further acidification, probably due to the presence of three bacteria that show a lower proteolytic activity [43]. Values of pH below 4.0 are generally considered detrimental to the survival of probiotic organisms [47]. Titratable acidity remained stable during the storage period, ranged from 0.82 to 0.85 mg lactic acid g-1. Others studies have been reported small reductions in the pH and increase in the titratable acidity for goat’s milk beverages [12,39].

Total Phenolic Content and Antioxidant Activity of Dairy Beverages

The Total Phenolic (TP) contents and antioxidant activity of PFM were significantly higher (p<0.01) than CFM. The TP of fermented milk was 0.179±0.001 mg GAE/mL in CFM and 0.264±0.01 mg GAE/mL in PFM. The antioxidant activity ranged from 65.17±0.24 for CFM to 83.30±0.68 % for PFM (Figure 1). Studies have shown that selected strains of bifidobacteria and lactobacilli present antioxidants properties and can be used to elaborate fermented dairy beverages that improve total antioxidant status and decrease markers of oxidative stress [10].

Figure 1: Total phenolic contents (A) and antioxidant activity (B) of Conventional Fermented Milk (CFM) and Probiotic Fermented Milk (PFM). Values are means and errors bars indicate standard deviations (n=3). a p<0.01 from unpaired t test.

    


    


    Figure 1: Total phenolic contents (A) and antioxidant activity (B) of Conventional Fermented Milk (CFM) and Probiotic Fermented Milk (PFM). Values are means and errors bars indicate standard deviations (n=3). a p<0.01 from unpaired t test.

    

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A high proportion of polyphenols from the diet are not directly absorbed and the transformation these compounds in the gut depends on microbial esterase and glucosidase activities [20]. In this way, gut bacteria may play a major role in the production of new phenolic compounds “in situ”, which could have better bioavailability and higher biological activity than their parent compounds [41]. Besides, the lactic acid fermentation can increase concentrations of total phenols, flavonoids and anthocyanins in food [24]. This can explain, partially, the higher TP contents and antioxidant activity observed in PFM in this study.

Interestingly, Balakrishnan and Agrawal (2014) reported a higher antioxidant activity in probiotic fermented milk obtained from goat milk (93%) followed by a product from camel milk (86%) and then a product from cow milk (79%), suggesting that probiotic bacteria are able to utilize the nutrients in goat and camel milk more efficiently, in comparison to cow milk. Several studies have highlighted the association between the consumption of foods with high antioxidant activity and the development and progression of chronic low-grade inflammation and metabolic diseases [7,8].

Microbiological Analysis

The S. thermophilus population of the PFM remained stable during the entire period of cold storage, presenting a viability of 8.91 log CFU/mL at day 1 and 9.2 log CFU/mL at day 28. On the other hand, L. acidophilus and B. animalis subsp. lactis populations reduced significantly during the storage (p<0.001), reaching concentrations of 6.10 and 7.98 log CFU/mL at day 28, respectively. L. acidophilus maintained viable cell counts =7 log CFU/mL for 2 weeks, whereas S. thermophilus and B. animalis subsp. lactis maintained this concentration throughout the 28 days. The viability values of bacteria in PFM during the cold storage period are shown in Table 2.

Table 2: Viability of S. thermophilus TA-40, L. acidophilus La-5 and B. animalis subsp. lactis BB-12 in the Probiotic Fermented Milk (PFM) during 28 days of storage at 4±1°C.

  


    
Microorganism (log    CFU/mL) 

    
1 day 

    
7 days 

    
14 days 

    
21 days 

    
28 days 

  

  


    
S. thermophilus 

    
8.92±0.01 

    
8.39±0.42 

    
8.90±0.02 

    
8.88±0.02 

    
9.20±0.49 

  

  


    
L. acidophilus 

    
7.89±0.02A 

    
7.76±0.10A 

    
6.18±0.05B 

    
6.16±0.03B 

    
6.11±0.02B 

  

  


    
B. animalis 

    
8.65±0.02A 

    
7.26±0.01B 

    
7.19±0.01C 

    
7.19±0.01C 

    
7.98±0.02D 

  

  


    
Values are mean ± SD of three batches, in    duplicate, at each sampling day. A-E Different superscript capital    letters in a same row denote significant differences (p<0.01) between    sampling days. 

  

Table 2: Viability of S. thermophilus TA-40, L. acidophilus La-5 and B. animalis subsp. lactis BB-12 in the Probiotic Fermented Milk (PFM) during 28 days of storage at 4±1°C.

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The health benefit of fermented milk containing probiotics depends on the viability of the probiotic microorganisms in the refrigerated product [44]. In spite of having no agreement about the effective dose, many authors have been suggesting a minimum dose between 106 - 109 CFU/day to assure the therapeutic effect [50]. The Codex Alimentarius (2010) states that the minimum viable quantity of probiotic culture should be 106 CFU/mL and 107 CFU/mL for starter culture. In the present study, despite the registered variations in viability during cold storage, probiotic bacteria maintained suitable amounts during the completely studied period. In agreement with other studies, a higher loss in cell viability was observed for L. acidophilus La-5 than for the bifidobacteria strain [39,51]. However, L. acidophilus La-5 was able to maintain the minimum therapeutic level (>106 CFU/mL) up to 4 weeks storage, in contrast to Ranadheera et al. (2012) in flavored goat`s milk yogurts.

The viability of the probiotic strain depends on several factors, being the drop in pH the most important cause of the decrease in the viability of the probiotic culture [31]. However, the pH values registered for PFM in the present study did not affect the viability of L. acidophilus La-5 and B. animalis BB-12, and there was no pH reduction during the storage period. In addition, it has been supposed that mixed cultures of probiotics in fermented milk may result in poor growth and subsequently poor viability in storage compared to pure cultures, most probably due to competition for nutrients [48]. Thus, it seems that B. animalis subsp. lactis has an advantage compared to the L. acidophilus [4.39]. Additionally, other study has reported that food polyphenols are able to selectively modify the growth of susceptible microorganisms. L. acidophilus and B. animals subsp. lactis BB-12 showed an inhibition of growth by the phenolic extracts. On the other hand, L. plantarum, L. casei, and L. bulgaricus strains reached maximal growth in the presence of polyphenol extracts (343 mg/g of total phenolic content), being most appropriate for use in fermented beverages containing high proportion of polyphenols [46].

Probiotic Resistance to Simulated Gastrointestinal Conditions

The survival of a probiotic bacteria during the gastrointestinal transit should be investigated in each food matrix, complementing the study of probiotic viability, since most probiotic effects depends on the viable cells action at intestinal level and the food matrix might exert an important role in probiotic protection or inhibition. Overall, moderate reductions in L. acidophilus and B. animalis subsp. lactis counts were observed throughout exposition to simulated gastrointestinal conditions. In the present study, L. acidophilus and B. animalis populations were within the detection limits throughout the entire assay, in contrast to previous studies [9,11,15].

During the simulated gastric phase, the populations of L. acidophilus and B. animalis subsp. lactis decreased significantly (p<0.001 and p<0.01, respectively). At gastric conditions, populations of L. acidophilus reduced 1.2 log CFU/mL, in average, after 2 h of exposure, whereas B. animalis subsp. lactis populations reduced 1.8 log CFU/mL. Similarly to the present study, Fávaro-Trindade and Grosso (2002) reported a reduction of only 1 log cycle for L. acidophilus La-5 after 2 h of exposure to pH 2. Population reductions varying from 0.1 to 2.5 log cycles was reported for 6 strains of L. acidophilus isolated from commercial probiotic yoghurts, after 90 min in simulated gastric juice containing pepsin at pH 2.0. However, strains of L. acidophilus were more tolerant to the low pH 2.0 than strains of L. paracasei and L. rhamnosus, which rapidly lost viability (Schillinger, Guigas, Heinrich 2005). B. animalis subsp. lactis has also exhibited a higher sensitivity to simulated gastric conditions [4,11,19].

During the simulated enteric phase, the L. acidophilus La-5 survived well, maintaining almost the same population. On the other hand, populations of B. animalis BB-12 reduced significantly (Table 3). It is possible that the presence of bile salts affects the phospholipids and proteins of bacterial cell membranes, and gram-positive bacteria seem to be more susceptible to the deleterious effects of bile than Gram-negative. However, the tolerance to the bile is a strain-dependent characteristic that should not be generalized in terms of species [5]. In the present study, B. animalis BB-12 showed a higher sensitivity to the simulated enteric conditions.

Table 3: Survival of L. acidophilus La-5 and B. animalis BB-12 under simulated gastrointestinal conditions in the fermented milk at 7 days of storage at 4±1 °C.

  


    
Microorganism


      (log CFU/mL) 

    
0 h 

    
2 h 

    
4 h 

    
6 h 

  

  


    
L. acidophilus 

    
6.95±0.01A,a 

    
5.75±0.08B,a 

    
5.55±0.02B,a 

    
5.25±0.15B,a 

  

  


    
B. animalis

    
8.75±0.20A,b 

    
6.94±0.01B,b 

    
5.68±0.03C,b 

    
5.12±0.02D,a 

  

  


    
Values are mean ± SD of three replicate    determinations. A-D Different superscript capital letters in a    same row denote significant differences (p<0.01) between different    sampling periods of the in vitro assay. a-b Different superscript    letters in a column denote significant differences (p<0.05) between    probiotics for a same moment. pH at 0, 2, 4 and 6h=4.39; 2.46; 5.0 and 6.3,    respectively. 

  

Table 3: Survival of L. acidophilus La-5 and B. animalis BB-12 under simulated gastrointestinal conditions in the fermented milk at 7 days of storage at 4±1 °C.

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Overall, the minimum populations of probiotic bacteria registered after the in vitro digestion assay remained above 5 log CFU/mL, for both bacteria. However, the survival rate of L. acidophilus (75.71%) was higher than B. animalis (58.55%) considering the entire assay (p<0.01). A different study reported that L. acidophilus La-5 exhibited greater survival rates than B. animalis supsp. lactis BB-12 in the more acidic stirred fruit yogurts, confirming their capacity for acid tolerance [39]. Thus, the microenvironments produced by the food matrix or ingredients on the intestine level may protect the probiotic microorganism from the harsh conditions of the gastrointestinal tract. Moreover, food components could bind to bile acids, reducing their toxic effect on probiotic cells [5].

Interestingly, the observed patterns of survival after exposure to simulated gastrointestinal conditions were in contrast with the trends observed in the viable counts recorded during the cold storage of PFM, since B. animalis subsp lactis showed higher viability than L. acidophilus. However, considering the usual portion of dairy beverages consumed, at least 100 mL, the results obtained in vitro suggests that a relevant number of probiotic viable cells, ensures in the beverages a minimum dose of 106 CFU/mL [14]. Furthermore, the population of B. animalis subsp lactis was higher than L. acidophilus (p<0.01) until 4h at pH 5.0 of assay.

Sensory Evaluation of Dairy Beverages

The results of the sensory evaluation of the dairy beverages are shown in Table 4. Sixty-three panelists (41 females and 22 males; mean age = 24.2±4.40 years old) participated in the study. The average sensory acceptability scores obtained by CFM and PFM for flavor, appearance, texture, color, and overall impression were higher than 6.5 in a 9-point hedonic scale. There was no significant difference between the average sensory acceptability scores attributed to PFM and CFM, although the overall acceptability score of PFM was slightly higher than CFM (7.0 vs 6.6). Among the tested sensory attributes, flavor received the lowest scores for both fermented milks; meanwhile the color was the most appreciated.

Table 4: Sensory evaluation scores of the fermented goat milk.

  


    
Fermented milk 

    
Flavor 

    
Appearance 

    
Texture 

    
Color 

    
Overall acceptability 

  

  


    
Conventional 

    
6.76±1.99 

    
6.87±1.46 

    
7.08±1.41 

    
7.43±1.34 

    
6.65±1.79 

  

  


    
Probiotic 

    
6.86±1.89 

    
7.14±1.67 

    
7.06±1.50 

    
7.27±1.73 

    
7.00±1.53 

  

  


    
Values are mean ± SD. Scores vary between 1    (dislike extremely) and 9 (like extremely). There were no significant    difference 

  

Table 4: Sensory evaluation scores of the fermented goat milk.

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It has been suggested that probiotic bacteria addition creates sensory advantages in dairy products [17], especially, the L. acidophilus La-5 may produce flavor compounds, such as acetaldehyde, which are recognized as important flavor components. However, in this study, despite the good flavor score, no increase in consumer’s acceptance was observed for PFM compared to CFM, probably reflecting the contribution of the grape juice flavor compounds. Martín-Diana et al. (2003) obtained lower scores for all sensory attributes for a non-flavored fermented goat’s milk containing L. acidophilus La-5 and B. animalis BB-12. The incorporation of natural sugars into the dairy beverages base through addition of fruit juice has been proposed a key factor to achieve higher consumer acceptability for goat’s milk beverages [39,49], besides contributing with nutrients and bioactive compounds not found in milk, particularly, polyphenols.

The general comments by the panelists regarding sensory attributes were also evaluated. The most common criticisms were related to the semi-liquid texture of the beverages and the “goaty” flavor. Ranadheera et al. (2012) related that complaints regarding the characteristic unpleasant ‘‘goaty’’ taste were not recorded for the 10% and 15% stirred fruit yogurts.

Conclusion

The probiotic flavored fermented goat milk evaluated in the present study showed to be an adequate vehicle for the probiotics L. acidophilus La-5 and B. animalis subsp. lactis BB-12 and exhibited a good sensory quality. Furthermore, the antioxidant activity of the probiotic fermented milk was higher than conventional fermented milk. Thus, this study presents relevant information on physicochemical, sensory, microbial and antioxidant properties of a probiotic flavored fermented goat milk, which could be exploited to formulate novel probiotic foods that can exert a role in the prevention of oxidative stress and related diseases.

Author Statements

Acknowledgments

This study was supported by Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation (EMBRAPA) and the Brazilian funding agencies: Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES), and Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cientifico e Tecnológico (CNPq) for financial support with the research and postdoctorate, researcher’s fellowships. We would like to thank Etianne Lopes (UNINTA) and Tabosa Santos (EMBRAPA) for technical assistance, and Adriano Lima (EMBRAPA) for providing data management support. The authors also thank Embrapa Goats and Sheep for generous support.

Conflict of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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Citation: Tonucci LB, da Silva BP, de Castro Moreira ME, de Oliveira ICS, Carneiro MR, et al. Probiotic Flavored Fermented Goat Milk as An Adequate Vehicle for Beneficial Bacteria and Higher Total Phenolic and Antioxidant Activity. Austin J Biotechnol Bioeng. 2024; 11(1): 1129.

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