Industrial Waste Water Treatment by Environmental Bioremediation

Editorial

Even before discovering the life of microorganisms, man produced fermented foods and feeds. Also the degradation activity of microorganisms used in human waste, which is naturally biodegradable. However, for extensive treatment, one had to suggest artificial processes of competition that degraded the activity of naturally occurring microorganisms. Microbiologists, engineers and pharmacists have worked together in this regard, and we now know that the process is also true for biodegradable materials other than human waste. These bio-waste systems belong to one of the largest areas for biotechnology applications. Typically, biotechnological products are synthesized using an optimally pure strain of microorganisms. It is related to the characteristics of pure strains. Antibiotic production, a valuable product, is an example of this development in traditional biotechnology. Waste processing Biotechnology is significantly different from traditional processes. First, there are no profit-oriented commercial products produced in addition to cleaner waste water for a better environment that will soon be invaluable. Other wastes often mix. And finally, a pure culture cannot be used, and do not rely on natural mixing populations or enrichment of mixed cultures, if possible. Scale effects are very different. Industrial microbiologists have recognized the utility of microorganisms in waste management in 1916 with the development of extremely versatile biological treatment unit called activated sludge processes. This method depends on a mixed culture of naturally occurring microorganisms, each of which has the ability to degrade components of the waste fraction, and possibilities coexist. Recent advances in research and development to improve bioavailability and training to reduce inoculation of mud microorganisms system specially adapted and grown. At present culture, a reduction of certain priority toxic and unwanted substances in the waste stream is already available. With the advent of genetic engineering some microorganisms can be designed and adapted to break down certain types of waste. However, these genetically modified organisms can have a negative impact on the ecosystem as a horror of chemical waste that has created humans. When he heard this, the man developed a thorough investigation into the effects of such strains after their wide application. The prior art is accompanied by the existence of bacterial populations of bacterial strains which are capable of reducing the upper limits or strains that are capable of decomposing the compounds as biodegradable. This article deals with poorly degradable substances found in industrial waste, which are now subject to degradation microbial. Aerobic metabolism consists of two processes: first, the transfer of electrons from the substrate into the organic oxygen - as the energy source for the cells, and secondly the addition of oxygen to the organic substrate - production of the substrate metabolism. The degradation of xenobiotics and difficult to decompose is important for the second part. Aromatic compounds outlet cycles depend on oxygen. The availability of molecular oxygen for the reaction depends on several enzymes. Studies on the anaerobic decomposition of organic compounds are limited, but one will be important and attractive in the near future the process. In nature, many organisms use it for the sources of growth and energy of hydrocarbons. Microorganisms oxidize the methyl terminal group to the aliphatic hydrocarbon. They are fatty hydrocarbon acid. Generally, any type of limited types of hydrocarbons can be eliminated. For example metanomonas metanooxidany can attack only methane, while no cardia paraffinicum and some species of Pseudomonas use more hydrocarbons, not all of which are necessarily present in oil. Benzene-like structures are, of course, most organic compounds and microorganisms are relatively well attacked. However, aromatic polycyclics, and rare substituents for example, are difficult to decompose. The degradation of aromatic compounds begins to distribute a ring. Examples of microorganisms that make up this attack Pseudomonas stutzeri, Pseudomonas Mendoza, Pseudomonas putida.

Halogenated compounds, including solvents, aerosols, lead agents, fumigants and nematicides used. Species of Pseudomonas and Xantobacter are autophicus capable of degrading these compounds. Halogenated aromatic compounds are used as solvents, lubricants, intermediates in the synthesis, insulators, plasticizers, etc., are degraded in the formation or before halokatokalu split ring dehalogenation. Examples of such microorganisms are Pseudomonas and Arthrobacter species. Nitroaromatic compounds used in the manufacture of paints, medications, pesticides, explosives and industrial solvents are toxic. Simplest compounds are completely biodegradable complexes of nitroaromatic compounds such as 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene, do not deteriorate. Under aerobic conditions, polymerization is carried out in anaerobic conditions; the conversion of amines can take place. Polychlorinated biphenyls used in transformovacím dielectric condenser oil and heat transfer fluid are toxic to animals and humans. Alcaligenes and Acinetobacter species are capable of converting many boards. PCBs, which are more than four resistant chlorine degradation. The xenobiotics and pollutants are released to the environment by sources that are either timely or dispersed by consumers and users of the final product. With the proper destruction information on the contamination of these waste consumed and with the adequate control of the institution of the efficient system for the collection and treatment of waste, it is often possible to control physical and chemical properties of fractions of waste. Thus, the use of these microorganisms in the degradation of pollutants can be optimized. Experiments with pure cultures of individual substrates form the basis of collective knowledge of the biosynthetic pathways of compounds that are not very degradable in microorganisms. After the availability of pure culture, it is possible to develop biotechnological processes. For the isolation of microorganisms with biodegradable resources, microbiologists use the technique of the enrichment culture. The system is to permit microorganisms with augmentation prospective in a medium with low degradable compounds and a source of nutrients that limit essential growth. Only microorganisms that could distort this substance will grow. A series of subcultures evaluate the success of enrichment. Wastewater, where many microorganisms come into contact with xenobiotics, is a common source of enrichment for bacteria with degradation capacity. However, the isolations of the natural environment in which compounds of interest have been found are generally successful. These include samples of industrial production lines, soil treated with pesticides, landfills and wastewater treatment.

Fermentation processes are generally conventional, from the preparation of capillary inoculations and seed sequences up to 10,000 liters of promoters. Although high and sterile mixed conditions are maintained to protect against contamination by salmonella, staphylococci and streptococci. Cultural conditions maintain products of microorganisms that repress and condition their final environment. Centrifugation or filtration methods that are used for cellular concentration. The formation of spores dried the air and did not lyophilize. Cultures are mixed with additives before final packaging. For significant progress in microbial digestion of waste, it is necessary to identify organic chemicals that resist degradation in conventional waste treatment plants. After the identification, the dismantling of existing phytosanitary products can now be improved or specialized technology adapted for biodegradation can be obtained. Organic chemicals from the EPA list of priority pollutants include pesticides and metabolites, phenolic compounds, halogenates, aromatic nitroaromatic, chloroaromatic, PCBs, phthalate esters, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and nitrosamines. This list of the EPA serves to determine the direction of the search to improve the system of treatment of wastewater. Biomass is composed of cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin. Lignin acts as a foundation material in lignocellulose material and protects the structure of microbial degradation. Lignin biodegradation is important because of the growing number of industrial uses. Lignosulphonate, resistant to biodegradation of lignin, process products of sulfite of waste in the pulp and paper. White rot fungus can degrade lignosulfonate. Other fungi and mixed microbes promote precipitation through poliplerization. Commercial detergents that contain from 10% to 20% of surfactants for cleaning. Anionic surfactants are not biodegradable. The alkylbcnzsulfonate substitution level is more biodegradable, but it is deposited in the sewer system. Cultures of microorganisms suitable for the degradation of alkyl sulphates and alkyl sulfonates were very rapid. Therefore, we cannot generalize its biodegradability. The textile and painting industries are responsible for replacing the colors in the environment, although in small quantities. Research on the biodegradation of xenobiotics and pollutants to accumulate the results of microbial, biological and genetic research ultimately improve the practical application of treatment methods on an industrial scale. With a higher level of sophistication, more and more specific microbial species are used for biodegradation of waste streams. Ideally, waste using microorganisms emulate industrial fermenter. However, aseptic conditions are not possible, and the system faces a different composition, temperature and volume. With ever-changing toxic cargoes, microorganisms can be damaged. Regular feeding can wash desirable vines. Regardless of the problems found, however, several microbial processes are successful. Special mixed breeding bacterium for certain types of waste is now on the market. They are much more efficient, since they use less energy than conventional systems. Biological processes are now more attractive, effective and, above all, economic. Genetic engineering technology Some of the activities of microbial crops are now a reality. This has given rise to new approaches to the treatment of waste. New species of microbes that are genetically modified and that cannot be found in nature can be patentable. The accumulation of research and study, and the results of the current situation of the application of the art of biotechnology is the treatment of waste will lead to a more efficient system.