Types of Diffuse Large Beta Cell Lymphoma: A Mini Review

Mini Review

Austin J Cancer Clin Res. 2016; 3(1): 1067.

Types of Diffuse Large Beta Cell Lymphoma: A Mini Review

Ayesha T1* and Azhar K2

1Department of Pharmaceutical Services, Ghurki Trust Teaching Hospital, Pakistan

2Department of Pharmaceutical Services, Shaukat Khanum Memorial Cancer Hospital and Research Centre, Pakistan

*Corresponding author: Tariq Ayesha, Department of Pharmaceutical Services, Ghurki Trust Teaching Hospital, House #27, Muslim Street, Itahad Colony Samanabad, Lahore, Pakistan

Received: March 13, 2016; Accepted: July 25, 2016; Published: July 27, 2016

Abstract

Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, is the most frequent subtype of lymphoma (non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma). Instead of a single clinic pathologic entity, DLBCL is a heterogeneous disease with known inconsistency in cells of origin, inherited attributes and variable clinical outcome. Depending on the basis of histological features. On the basis of gene expression profiling, DLBCL is classified in to at least 3 distinctive molecular subtypes of DLBCL. One is Germinal center B-cell (GCB) subtype, having illustration profile comparable to typical germinal center B cells; second is Activated B-cell (ABC) subtype, imitator of activated peripheralblood B cells and third subtype is primary mediastinal large B-cell lymphoma (PMBCL), characteristically representing with mediastinal lymphadenopathy and exhibiting some molecular genetics resemblance to Hodgkin lymphoma. In this review, we briefly cover the molecular subtypes of diffuse large beta cell lymphoma and WHO classification of lymphoma.

Keywords: DLBCL; Germinal center B-cell (GCB)-DLBCL; Activated B-cell (ABC)-DLBCL

Introduction

Among all types of blood cancers, lymphoma is the most common one [1]. Hodgkin and Non Hodgkin lymphoma are the two major forms of lymphomas. DLBCL is the most frequent type of NHL in which B lymphocytes have potential to grow and proliferate abnormally [2,3]. Lymph node and outside of the lymphatic system are main arising points for development of DLBCL [4]. Large mass of B cells, B- symptoms and extranodal sites are the main features of DLBCL [5]. In Pakistan, DLBCL reaches to an epidemic proportion [6]. In 2008, WHO had classified the DLBCL according the involvement sites [7].

Germinal center B-cell (GCB-DLBCL)

The GCB subgroup is mainly described by representation of molecular signature of germinal center B-cell, because it tends to develop from germinal center B-cells [2]. GCB-DLBCL have improved prognosis than other subgroups of DLBCLs [8]. GCBDLBCL has frequent association with translocation of gene on chromosome 14 and 18 [9]. BCL-2 protein is highly expressed in GCB because of the presence of bcl-2 gene nearby to heavy chain gene enhancer [10]. This placement of bcl-2 gene makes possible through the gene translocation on chromosome 14 and 18 [11]. Over expression of Bcl-2 blocks the apoptotic death of a pro-Blymphocyte cell line. Thus, Bcl-2 is unique among proto-oncogenes, being localized to mitochondria and interfering with programmed cell death independent of promoting cell division. Caspases belong to endoproteases family and having control on inflammation and programmed cell death [12]. Clinically distinguishing features of GCB-DLBCL [13]:

Activated B-cell (ABC-DLBCL)

ABC-DLBCL have markedly different molecular signature. This signature is characterized by over expression of genes cluster that have tendency to up regulate in peripheral-blood B cells, triggered by mitogenic stimulation in vitro [14]. FOXP1 appeared as a potential oncogene associated with ABC- DLBCLs [14]. It was highly upregulated by trisomy 3 and focal high-level amplifications.

From recent studies, it has been demonstrated that, most of ABCDLBCLs expresses amplicon on chromosome 19 [9]. SPIB is highly expressed up-regulated gene involved in this amplicon. SPIB (Spi-B Transcription Factor) is the mean of encoding the transcription factor (an ETS family) [15]. It is strongly implicated by Knockdown of SPIB via RNA interference that SPIB is an oncogene that is highly engaged in the pathogenesis of ABC DLBCLs [9]. Clinically distinctive features associated with ABC-DLBCLS are [11]:

Primary mediastinal large B-cell lymphoma (PMBL)

On the basis of distinguishing clinical and morphological features, Primary mediastinal B cell lymphoma (PMBL) has been described

as DLBCL’s subtype [16]. Pathologically, tumors of PMBL are often highly sclerotic and are differentiated by a diffuse proliferation of large cells, frequently with a clear cytoplasm [5]. In PMBL, lymphoma involvement site is the mediastinum but the lymphoma has capability to spread locally to affect other thoracic structures and infrequently propagate to distinctive extranodal sites for example kidney and the brain.

PMBLs are usually diagnosed in young patients with a mean age of about 30-35 year at stage of diagnosis as compared to other DLBCL patients having age > 60yr at diagnostic stage. There is undefined relationship between PMBL to other DLBCL subtypes [16]. GCBDLBCL is likely to maintain the gene expression program of normal germinal center B cells while ACB-DLBCL exhibit genes characteristic of activated B cells and plasma cells [17,18]. CD10, an indicator of germinal center stage of B cell differentiation, is not highly expressed in PMBL which makes it distinctive from other subtypes [19].

Pathologically, PMBL is a distinctive subgroup of DLBCL [5]. In more than half of the PMBL cases, chromosome arm 9p gains have been identified, and this karyotypic idiosyncrasy is just infrequently detected in other subgroups of DLBCLs [5]. Clinically, PMBL is a destructive type of lymphoma, and its responsiveness to standard treatment is relatively contentious [20]. It has been concluded from some recent studies that patients of PMBL have a comparatively poor prognosis, but further study revealed 46% overall survival at 5-yr by use of chemotherapy that is anthracycline-based, comparable to that of other subtypes of DLBCLs [21]. Another recent study demonstrated 3yr overall survival rate of 82% when chemotherapy used in combination with radiotherapy, this rate is comparatively higher to a large extent than in other DLBCLs [22]. Three most important clinical and molecular features of PMBL are [5]:

The International Prognostic Index that is vigorous clinical diagnostic model can be employed to recognize patients of PMBCL (less likely to be managed with standard treatment). But such models do not propose specific insights about biology of cancerous cells, efficient treatment approaches or in addition novel therapeutic targets. In addition, latest studies imply that subsets of DLBCL might be different from normal cells on the basis of cell origin, clinical presentation and outcome as well as genetic bases for alteration.

WHO classification of lymphoid neoplasms

In 2008, WHO had précised the definitions of well-known diseases, recognized new entity and alternatives, as well as introduced the integrated novel promising conception in the recognition of lymphoid neoplasms. This report of WHO classification condenses the procedures and underlying principles of lymphoid neoplasms and highlighting those diseases for which modification have had an influence on practice guidelines. These lesions are classified according to the lymphoma to which they conformed [25].

DLBCL classification according to WHO

Mature B-cell neoplasms

Mature T and NK neoplasms

Hodgkin lymphoma

Posttransplant lymphoproliferative disorders (PTLD)

Histiocytic and dendritic cell neoplasms

Conclusion

Diffuse large beta cell lymphoma is the most common subtype of NHL and is a cancer of B-lymphocytes (essential component of immune system of body). In recent years, DLBCL has turned out to be an emerging epidemic in Pakistan. In order to evaluate a patient’s risk profile, clinical parameters are used presently in combination form and these predictable variables are considered to be alternative for the basic cellular and molecular discrepancies within DLBCL. This review not only focused on characteristics subtypes but also WHO classification of DLBCL.

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Citation: Ayesha T and Azhar K. Types of Diffuse Large Beta Cell Lymphoma: A Mini Review. Austin J Cancer Clin Res. 2016; 3(1): 1067.

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