Research Article
Austin J Cardiovasc Dis Atherosclerosis. 2022; 9(1): 1049.
Pulse Wave Velocity as a Measure of Arterial Stiffness in Patients with Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Zhang H1, Shi Y2, Chen T3, Zhang Y4, Wu J4, Weng Y5, Zhao W5, Chen G5, Li D4, Fang X4, Xu C4, Xu B6, Jiang J4* and Chen X4*
1Department of Cardiology, Taizhou Hospital Affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang Province, China; Department of Cardiology, Pingyang People’s Hospital, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
2Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Arizona, USA
3Department of Cardiology, Zhejiang Hospital, the Second College of Clinical Medicine, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Zhejiang Province, China
4Department of Cardiology, Taizhou Hospital Affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang Province, China
5Department of Vascular Surgery, Taizhou Hospital Affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang Province, China
6Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
*Corresponding author: Xiaofeng Chen, Department of Cardiology, Taizhou Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang Province 317000, China
Jianjun Jiang, Department of Cardiology, Taizhou Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang Province 317000, China
Received: March 08, 2022; Accepted: April 05, 2022; Published: April 12, 2022
Abstract
Background and Objective: The relationship between pulse wave velocity (PWV) levels and abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) remains controversial. A meta-analysis was performed to establish whether vascular pulse wave velocity (PWV) as a measure of arterial stiffness is different in patients with abdominal aortic aneurysms and controls.
Methods: Pubmed, Embase, Cochrane and China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) were used for the meta-analysis with articles up to January 1, 2021. To compare PWV levels between AAA patients and healthy controls, pooled weighted mean difference (WMD) and its 95% confidence interval (Cl) were calculated. Subgroup analysis and funnel plots are used to assess the quality of the combined results to ensure a normal distribution of data with minimal bias. Study quality for eligible studies was assessed using the Agency for Health Care Research and Quality (AHRQ) inventory tool.
Results: Nine cross-sectional studies, which included 439 abdominal aortic aneurysm cases and 382 healthy subjects, met inclusion criteria and were eligible for meta-analysis. We found that PWV levels were significantly higher (WMD(95% Cl): 2.36(2.02,2.70)) in AAA patients than healthy controls. After subgroup analysis, it was found that age, sex, smoking and hypertension had significant effects on the PWV levels. The normal distribution of the Funnel plot analysis suggests a low risk for publication bias.
Conclusion: PWV levels were elevated in patients with AAA compared to healthy controls, with PWV affected by age, sex, smoking and hypertension. Our study suggests that the incidence of AAA is related to increased arterial stiffness.
Keywords: Pulse wave velocity; Abdominal aortic aneurysm; Arterial stiffness
Introduction
Abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) is defined as the localized dilatation of the aorta and is likely to rupture unexpectedly leading to serious morbidity and mortality [1,2]. It is estimated that the incidence of AAA is about 4-8% in men and 1-1.3% in women and globally accounts for 168,200 deaths annually [3-5]. The primary mechanism by which AAA develop consists of chronic inflammation, vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) apoptosis, extracellular matrix (ECM) degradation and thrombosis [6,7]. Specifically, these factors are what contributes to atherosclerotic plaque formation, and hence atherosclerosis plays a significant role in forming AAA and plays a role in the aneurysmal wall formation [8].
Atherosclerosis of arteries contributes to the loss of arterial elasticity, elevated arterial stiffness and therefore increased PWV since pulse velocity travels faster in stiffed arteries [9,10]. Arterial stiffness (AS), represented by the arterial wall rigidity, is one of the most availably detectable manifestations of adverse structural and functional alterations within the arterial vessel wall [11]. Pulse wave velocity(PWV) is the velocity of a pulse wave moving through an arterial segment and is one of the non-invasive methods of assessing AS [12,13]. The current literature on the differences between the PWV of AAA and controls is mixed. In some studies, PWV levels were significantly lower in AAA patients than those in healthy controls [14]. Contrarily, other studies have demonstrated that PWV levels in the abdominal aorta were significantly higher in AAA patients than those in non-AAA controls [15,16]. Additional studies have failed to confirm either association of PWV levels with AAA [17].
Based on the mixed literature in regards to the available evidence for pulse wave velocity and AAA incidence, we hypothesized that there may be a correlation between PWV levels and AAA. Therefore, we carried out a meta-analysis using published studies on PWV levels in AAA patients.
Materials and Methods
Database and search strategies
Our meta-analysis strictly followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-analysis (PRISMA) guidelines [18].
We systematically searched PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, and the Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI database). The Medical Subject Headings (Mesh) and relevant keywords were used for literature research. The electronic literature search was complemented by a manual search of related articles. The reference lists of collected items were also manually reviewed for additional correlated articles.
PubMed search strategy was conducted using the following search field descriptions and tags; Title/Abstract [tiab] and MeSH Terms [MH]:
#1. “pulse wave velocity [mh]” OR “PWV [tiab]” OR “aPWV [tiab]” OR “cPWV [tiab]” OR “fPWV [tiab]” OR “cfPWV [tiab]” OR “arterial distensibility [tiab]” OR “vascular distensibility [tiab]” OR “aortic distensibility [tiab]” OR “arterial stiffness [tiab]” OR “arterial stiffening [tiab]” OR “vascular stiffness [tiab]” OR “vascular stiffening [tiab]” OR “aortic stiffness [tiab]” OR “aortic stiffening [tiab]” OR “arterial compliance [tiab]” OR “vascular compliance [tiab]” OR “aortic compliance [tiab]”.
#2. “abdominal aortic aneurysm [mh]” OR “Aneurysms, Abdominal aortic [tiab]” OR “Aortic Aneurysms, Abdominal [tiab]” OR “Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm [tiab]” OR “Aneurysm, Abdominal Aortic [tiab]”.
Inclusion and exclusion criteria of enrolled studies
Our inclusion criteria were as follows: the study had to be observational (i.e., a case-control, cross-sectional or cohort design); the subjects enrolled had to be diagnosed by the physician as AAA; there had to be comparison of vascular PWV between patients with AAA and controls without AAA; and PWV data had to be available for all patients. Exclusion criteria included: study had undefined control groups, duplicate or overlapped populations with a previous study, or PWV values were only reported in a single group and not both AAA and control.
Data extraction
Data were independently extracted from individual studies by two reviewers. Each study’s information was obtained using standardized forms by two independent observers blinded to the authors’ names and journal titles. Discrepancies between the outputs were resolved through discussion and involvement of a third coauthor. The following information was extracted from each study (Table 1). (I) trial’s name/publication year; (II)numbers of subjects enrolled; (III)country; (V)age; (VI)male; (VII)BMI; (VIII)outcome index; (IX)PWV levels; (X)device; (XI) AHRQ scores; (XII)Smoking; (XIII)Hypertension; (XV)diabetes.
Author/Year
n
Country
Age (year)
Male
BMI (kg/m2)
Case/control
Outcome index
PWV (m/s)
Device
AHRQ scores
Smoking (% (n))
Hypertension (% (n))
Diabetes (% (n))
Abbas A, et al. 2015 [17]
88
UK
AAA:73.1±5.7
46(100%)
27.1±4.2
46/42
cf-PWV
10.8±2.2
Sphygmocor Device
7
91(42)
65(30)
24(11)
Control:66.3±1
42(100%)
25.9±3.2
12.9±3.1
52(22)
31(13)
7(3)
Durmus I, 2014 [15]
38
Turkey
AAA:69±4
11(61%)
26.7±4.4
18/20
cf-PWV
14.8±4.9
Sphygmocor device
5
22.2
66.7
11.1
Control:66±6
13(65%)
29.5±4.4
10±1.7
30
60
15
Bailey MA, 2014 [16]
309
UK
AAA:73±7.5
120(74.5%)
28±4.6
148/161
cf-PWV
9.55±2.3
Vicoder device
7
26
101(68.2)
Control:69.7±7.8
128(86.4%)
28±4.5
9.75±2.3
20
63(39.1)
Li RX, 2013 [24]
20
USA
NA
NA
NA
15-May
Aortic PWV
10.54±6.52
A Sonix RP system
6
6.03±1.68
Lee CW, 2013 [20]
102
Taiwan
AAA:75.2±11.6
47(92.2%)
23.8±4.2
51/51
cf-PWV
12.1±2.7
Colin VP-200
8
24(47.1)
42(82.4)
7(13.7)
Control:74.3±12.5
46(90.2%)
24.9±3.4
13.6±3.5
29(56.9)
42(82.4)
13(25.5)
Kadoglou NPE, 2012 [21]
149
Greece
AAA:72±4
108(100%)
28.98±4.23
108/41
cf-PWV
12.99±3.75
Complior SP, Alam Medical, France
7
41(37.96)
21(19.44)
Control:69±8
41(100%)
29.36±5.79
10.03±1.57
6(14.29)
12(28.57)
Kadoglou NPE 2012 [22]
79
Greece
AAA:71±4
48(100%)
28.6±4.2
48/31
cf-PWV
13.11±3.57
Complior SP, Alam Medical, France
7
20(41.7)
10(20.8)
Control:69±4
31(100%)
27.9±3.5
7.97±2.17
11(35.5)
-
Li RX, 2011 [23]
10
USA
NA
NA
NA
8-Feb
Aortic PWV
10.54±6.52
A Sonix RP system
6
6.03±1.68
Li L, 2016 [14]
26
China
NA
10(76.9%)
NA
13/13
Aortic PWV
18.63±1.3
Electrocardiographically Gated 64-Detector Row CT
7
10(76.9%)
5.7±1.06
NA: Not Available; PWV: Pulse Wave Velocity; AAA: Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm; cf-PWV: carotid-femoral PWV; Aortic PWV: The Infrarenal PWV.
Table 1: Baseline Characteristics.
Assessment of the risk for publication bias
This was conducted by two researchers independently. Because this meta-analysis included cross-sectional studies, study quality was assessed using the Agency for Health Care Research and Quality (AHRQ) inventory tool [19]. Eleven questions were answered. If the answer was “No” or “Unclear,” the rating of the item was “1”; if the answer was “Yes,” the score of the item was “1”. The quality for each study was scored as low (0-3), medium (4-7) or high (8-11). Studies graded as low quality (0-3) were excluded from the meta-analysis.
Statistical analysis
The meta-analysis was conducted using a synthesis dataset according to published eligible studies. Weighted Mean Difference (WMD) with corresponding 95% confidence interval (CI) was calculated to evaluate PWV and AAA correlations. If the I2 value was >50% with a p<0.1 for the test of heterogeneity, the results were considered heterogeneous.
Forest plots were used to display the results graphically. Further subgroup analysis based on anatomic location of PWV (carotidfemoral PWV and aortic PWV) was performed since some studies have argued that PWV in different locations of stiffened arteries varied unexpectedly. Additional subgroup analyses included age, sex, smoking, diabetes and hypertension. Subgroup analysis was also used to identify the factors contributing to the heterogeneity of the pooled data.
All reported P values were two-sided tests and considered statistically significant if P <0.05. Publication bias was assessed using funnel plots. All statistical analyses were performed by Stata 12.0 (Stata Corporation, College Station, TX, USA).
Results
Literature search
The literature and eligible studies are detailed in Figure 1. A preliminary electronic database search identified 244 potential records. After reviewing abstracts or full articles, 103 duplicate articles, 126 unrelated articles, 2 review articles, and 3 articles with unextractable data were excluded. In the end, nine studies qualified for the meta-analysis examining the association of PWV with AAA.
Figure 1: Flow diagram of the literature.
Study characteristics
The characteristics of included studies are presented in Table 1. 6 of which reported carotid-femoral PWV (cf-PWV) and 3 of which reported infrarenal arterial aortic PWV. Four studies reported data on both males and females, while 3 studies only reported data on males.
PWV measurement methods
Methods for PWV measurements varied among studies. 2 studies used a Complier SP, 2 studies used a Sphygmocor device, 2 studies used a Sonix RP system, and 3 studies used Electrocardiographically Gated 64-Detector Row CT.
Association of PWV levels with AAA
All 9 eligible studies reported on the relationship of PWV levels with AAA. As quantified using I² and P-value, the heterogeneity across included studies was statistically significant (P <0.00001, I²=98.9%). Studies were weighted based on the number of patients in each study and other factors. Meta-analysis showed that patient’s PWV values were higher in patients with AAA than those in control subjects (WMD=2.36m/s, 95% CI 2.02~2.70, P<0.001) (Figure 2A). To investigate potential publication bias, the funnel plot was created for studies included in a meta-analysis of PWV (Figure 2B), with a vertical axis for study size (standard error) and horizontal axis for the standardized difference in means which averaged overall at around 2.36. Lack of significant asymmetry in the funnel plot both on the X and Y axis in Figure 2 B suggests the low likelihood of publication bias.
Figure 2: 2: (A) Forest plot comparing PWV levels between AAA patients and non-AAA control. (B) Funnel plot of the association between PWV and AAA.
Subgroup analysis
Subgroup meta-analysis results are summarized in Table 2. High levels of pulse wave velocity were associated with AAA as defined by cf-PWV (WMD=0.63m/s, 95% CI 0.26-1.00, P <0.00001) and infrarenal PWV (WMD=12.65m/s, 95% CI 11.75-13.54, P=0.004) (Figure 3B).
Subgroup
N
WMD(95%Cl)
Test of SMD=0
Heterogeneity
Z
P For Z
I2 (%)
P for I2
All studies
9
2.23(2.02,2.70)
98.9
0
Age between AAA and control
Significance difference
4
-0.48(-0.94,-0.01)
2.01
0.044
77
0.005
Not significance difference
5
5.59(5.09,6.09)
22.04
0
99
0
Diabetes between AAA and control
Significance difference
1
-2.10(-3.23,-0.97)
3.63
0
/
/
Not significance difference
4
0.52(0.11,0.93)
2.49
0.013
95.2
0
Hypertensive between AAA and control
Significance difference
2
-0.52(-0.99,-0.06)
2.2
0.028
88.8
0.003
Not significance difference
3
2.05(1.23,2.87)
4.89
0
96.7
0
Sex between AAA and control
Significance difference
1
-0.2(-0.71,0.31)
0.76
0.445
/
/
6
4.35(3.89.4.80)
18.73
0
99.1
0
Smoking between AAA and control
Significance difference
2
1.12(0.44,1.81)
3.23
0.001
98
0
Not significance difference
4
0.43(-0.00,0.87)
1.94
0.052
96.3
0
Detection location
cf-PWV
6
0.63(0.26,1.00)
3.37
0.001
96.2
0
Aortic PWV
3
2.36(2.02,2.70)
27.65
0
81.9
0.004
AAA: Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm; cf-PWV: carotid-femoral PWV; Aortic PWV: The Infrarenal PWV.
Table 2: Subgroup analysis of PWV in AAA group and control group.
Figure 3: Forest plots of meta-analysis data (A) subgroup analysis according to significant difference or not significant difference in age between AAA and control
group; (B) subgroup analysis according to PWV measurement location (carotid-femoral PWV and aortic PWV).
Subgroup analysis was also performed if it was possible to match risk factors such as age (9/9 studies), sex (7/9 studies), smoking (6/9 studies), diabetes (5/9 studies) and hypertension (5/9 studies) (Table 2).
The PWV levels were significantly lower in AAA patients than those in the control group if there was significant inter-group difference in age between AAA and control (WMD: -0.48; 95%CI: -0.94,-0.01, I²=77%, P=0.005), however, PWV levels were significantly higher in AAA patients than those in the control group if there was not significant inter-group difference in age between AAA and control (WMD: 5.59; 95% CI: 5.09,6.09, I²=99%, P <0.000) (Figure 3B).
The PWV levels were significantly lower in AAA patients than those in the control group if there was significant inter-group difference in hypertension between AAA and control (WMD: -0.52; 95%CI: -0.99,-0.06, I²=88.8%, P=0.003), however, PWV levels were significantly higher in AAA patients than those in the control group if there was not significant inter-group difference in hypertension between AAA and control (WMD: 2.05; 95% CI: 1.23,2.87, I²=96.7%, P <0.000) (Figure 4A).
Figure 4: Forest plots of meta-analysis data (A) subgroup analysis according to significant difference or not significant difference in hypertensive between AAA and
control group; (B) subgroup analysis according to significant difference or not significant difference in diabetes between AAA and control group.
The PWV levels were significantly lower in AAA patients than those in the control group if there was significant inter-group difference in diabetes between AAA and control (WMD: -2.10; 95% CI: -3.23,-0.97), however, PWV levels were significantly higher in AAA patients than those in the control group if there was not significant inter-group difference in diabetes between AAA and control (WMD: 0.52; 95% CI: 0.11,0.93, I²=95.2%, P<0.000) (Figure 4B).
The PWV levels were not significantly different in AAA patients than those in the control group if there was significant inter-group difference in sex between AAA and control (WMD: -0.20; 95% CI: -0.71,0.31), however, PWV levels were significantly higher in AAA patients than those in the control group if there was not significant inter-group difference in sex between AAA and control (WMD: 4.35; 95% CI: 3.89,4.80, I²=99.1%, P<0.000) (Figure 5A).
Figure 5: Forest plots of meta-analysis data (A) subgroup analysis according to significant difference or not significant difference in sex between AAA and control
group; (B) subgroup analysis according to significant difference or not significant difference in smoking between AAA and control group.
The PWV levels were significantly higher in AAA patients than those in the control group if there was significant inter-group difference in smoking between AAA and control (WMD: 1.12; 95% CI: 0.44,1.81), PWV levels were also significantly higher in AAA patients than those in the control group if there was not significant inter-group difference in smoking between AAA and control (WMD: 0.43; 95% CI: -0.00, 0.87, I²=95.2%, P <0.000) (Figure 5B).
Discussion
This meta-analysis investigated whether vascular PWV levels as a measure of arterial stiffness is different in patients with abdominal aortic aneurysms compared to controls. A total of 9 crosssectional studies met inclusion criteria for our analysis. Our results demonstrated that PWV levels in patients with AAA were significantly higher than those in controls, indicating the relationship between the abdominal aortic aneurysm and increased arterial stiffness.
There are several mechanisms by which atherosclerosis of arteries contribute to abdominal aortic aneurysms. Both conditions are multifactorial diseases with known risk factors that contribute toward disease development. Carotid atherosclerosis is positively correlated to the growth of aortic diameter and aneurysmal formation [20]. Pulse wave velocity (PWV) is assumed to be the velocity of a pulse wave moving through an arterial segment. This meta-analysis shows that the PWV levels of AAA patients are higher than those of the control group, indicating that abdominal aortic aneurysm is related to increased arterial stiffness. Vascular PWV as a measure of arterial stiffness is changed in patients with AAA. Aortic stiffness, the manifestation of pulse wave velocity, is associated with the change in the structural protein of the medial extracellular matrix, such as elastin and collagen [21,22]. Elevated blood pressure and repetitive cyclic stress leads to the wearing out of the elastic components of the aortic walls [23], which leads to the stiffening and dilation of the aortic wall. Furthermore, the inflammatory process within the arterial wall, accompanied by invasion of monocytes and macrophages and increased levels of IL-6, can accelerate the formation and development of AAA [24]. A series of published literature support the association of inflammatory markers with arterial stiffness in patients with cardiovascular diseases [25]. Finally, calcium deposition in the AAA wall results in increased arterial stiffness in AAA [26].
Meta-analysis showed that patients’ PWV values were higher in patients with AAA than those in control subjects (WMD=2.36m/s, 95% CI 2.02~2.70, P <0.001). The subgroup meta-analyses of smoking and detection location supported the result that the PWV levels were significantly higher in AAA patients. However, there were unexpected findings in the subgroup meta-analyses of age, diabetes, hypertensive and sex. These may possibly due to the heterogeneity among the studies. Subgroup analysis found that several factors influenced the effect sizes in PWV between AAA and control subjects (Table 2). Age, smoking and hypertension promote atherosclerosis, vascular wall medial degeneration and ultimately alter PWV [27]. It has been shown that elevated blood pressure worsens arterial stiffness indirectly [23]. Arterial stiffness (change of PWV) also triggers loop feedback on systolic blood pressure (afterload) by accelerating wave reflection [28-30]. For example, the rate of increase in cf-PWV with pre-hypertension (systolic BP 120-139 mmHg) or hypertension (systolic BP≥140mmHg) is steeper compared with men with normal systolic BP (systolic BP<120mmHg) [31]. In contrast, advancing age is predominantly associated with reduced arterial distensibility and thus aortic compliance. Cf-PWV increased monotonically before age 50-60 years and then exponentially thereafter [32]. Additionally, smoking was also an independent predictor of adult PWV and biomarkers of endothelial function [33], all critically affecting PWV as well as AAA.
There are several limitations of our meta-analysis. First, only 9 cohort studies of PWV about abdominal aortic aneurysms were enrolled for the final analysis due to inclusion criterias. Because some included studies were cross-sectional, we cannot rule out the possibility of selection bias. Second, the different PWV location detection methods render our study a certain degree of lack of reliability. Current arterial stiffness methods include the local measurement of arterial stiffness using ultrasonography and magnetic resonance imaging and regional measurement by tonometer and Doppler probes [9]. Due to the limited number of studies, we included all the studies with different PWV measurement methods. Therefore, variation inevitably exists and cannot be avoided, and we should also keep in mind the variability of measuring each individual patient. Third, the presence of other risk factors and publication bias suggests that the analysis results may not be entirely accurate. These limitations may potentially influence the reliability and accuracy of our results.
Conclusion
In conclusion, our meta-analysis showed that PWV levels in AAA patients were significantly higher than those in control subjects. PWV value as a measure of arterial stiffness is changed in patients with abdominal aortic aneurysm and may be used to monitor disease progression. Our analysis warrants further investigation into the association of PWV levels with AAA disease in a well-designed prospective cohort study.
Acknowledgement
This study was supported by the grant from National Natural Science Foundation, China (N. 81770475).
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