Membranous Nephropathy Caused by Dimercaptosuccinic Acid in a Patient with Wilson’s Disease: A Case Report and Literature Review

Abstract

Background: Dimercaptosuccinic Acid (DMSA) therapy is a kind of chelation therapy for patients with Wilson’s Disease (WD). While there have been reports of side effects associated with DMSA, the development of membranous nephropathy as a result of this therapy is uncommon.

Case Presentation: We present a case of a 19-year-old male patient with Wilson’s disease who experienced proteinuria while receiving long-term DMSA treatment. Further evaluation revealed abnormally low levels of serum ceruloplasmin and serum albumin, as well as a 24-hour urinary protein excretion of 4599.98mg/24h. A renal biopsy confirmed the presence of atypical membranous nephropathy. After ruling out other potential causes, we determined that the patient’s membranous nephropathy was likely caused by DMSA. Following treatment with glucocorticoids, there was a significant reduction in proteinuria.

Conclusion: This case highlights the possibility of DMSA-induced membranous nephropathy and the importance of considering this diagnosis in patients receiving DMSA treatment. Given the widespread use of DMSA in the treatment of Wilson’s disease, further research is needed to fully understand the potential role of this drug in the development of membranous nephropathy.

Keywords: Membranous nephropathy; Dimercaptosuccinic acid; Wilson’s disease

Introduction

Dimercaptosuccinic Acid (DMSA) is usually used to promote copper excretion in WD patients. Compared with other drugs for the treatment of WD, dimercaptosuccinic acid has mild adverse reactions, and it is rare to be forced to discontinue due to adverse reactions.

At present, the main side effects of dimercaptosuccinic acid are as follows:

i. Neurological deterioration: mainly manifested as increased muscular tension, mental symptoms appear or worsen.

ii. Digestive tract reactions: mainly manifested as fatigue, abdominal distension, and decreased appetite.

iii. Allergic reaction: mainly manifested as fever, drug rash.

iv. Bleeding: mainly manifested as gum, epistaxis, skin petechiae, and ecchymosis [1].

However, there is limited report on the potential renal side effects of DMSA. This report describes a patient with Wilson's disease who was receiving long-term DMSA treatment and developed proteinuria, which was later confirmed through renal biopsy to be atypical membranous nephropathy. The patient was successfully treated with glucocorticoids.

Case Report

A 19-year-old male with Wilson’s disease (WD) for 7 years was referred to our hospital with complaints of a 1-year history of foam urine. He was found to have proteinuria in a checkup 1 month ago. He was diagnosed with WD 7 years ago due to the appearance of corneal K-F ring and the deduction of blood ceruloplasmin. After that, the patient was regularly treated with DMSA for copper excretion. He denied a family history of genetic disease and D-penicillamine medication history. Physical examination revealed no significant abnormalities. Blood examinations showed normal blood cells. Normal levels of serum creatinine (93.28μmol/L), blood glucose (5.23μmol/L), triglyceride (2.29mmol/L), and total cholesterol (5.71mmol/L), low levels of total protein (6.2g/dl) and serum albumin (2.7g/dl). Urinalysis showed that urine protein (2+), and 24-hour urinary protein was 4599.98mg/24h. Anti-Nuclear Antibody (ANA), Antineutrophil Cytoplasmic Antibody (ANCA), and Anti Phospholipase A2 Receptor antibody (PLA2R) were negative. Tumor and infection indicators are normal. Doppler sonography showed no abnormality.

A renal biopsy was performed. Light microscopy showed thickened Glomerular Basement Membrane (GBM) and discrete “spike” formation. The capillary loops were open. There was proliferation cell infiltration in the glomerular mesangial and matrix. Vacuoles and granular degeneration of renal tubular epithelial cells can be seen (Figure 1A). Immunofluorescence microscopy revealed granular deposits of IgG(2+), IgM (+), C1q(2+), and C3,(2+) along the glomerular capillary wall. Protein absorption droplets can be seen in renal tubular epithelial cells (Figure 2B). Furthermore, the test of copper staining was negative (Figure 3C). Electron microscopy revealed glomerular basement membrane irregularly thickened and foot processes fused diffusely. Electron-dense deposits were noted in the subepithelial, basement membrane, subendothelial and mesangial regions (Figure 4D). He was finally diagnosed with secondary MN caused by DMSA. Glucocorticoid (triamcinolone 32mg/d) was initiated. The change of 24-hour urinary protein was recorded, and 24-hour urinary protein was significantly reduced after the treatment started on August 1 (Figure 2).

Discussion

DMSA is a broad-spectrum metal chelating agent for the treatment of WD. In this case, after long-term use of DMSA, urinalysis showed proteinuria (2+) and 24-h urine protein was 4599.98mg/24h. Renal biopsy confirmed the diagnosis of atypical membranous nephropathy was identified, and the laboratory tests demonstrated ANA(-), ANCA(-), and PLA2R(-). Tumor and infection indicators are normal. At present, the patient is treated with oral medication to expel copper regularly, the blood copper is maintained at a low level, and the corneal K-F ring disappears. Copper staining of renal tissue showed no obvious copper particles were deposited in renal tubular epithelial cells and glomerular sacs. MN caused by WD was excluded, and there was no history of kidney disease or other renal involvement in patients. Therefore, we concluded that DMSA was the cause of membranous nephropathy in this patient.

Wilson’s Disease (WD) is an inherited disorder that causes excessive accumulation of copper in the liver, brain, and other organs. The accumulation of toxic amounts of copper in the liver, brain, and other organs may cause various clinical conditions, often with prominent neurological, psychiatric, and liver-related symptoms [2]. Currently, the main treatment options for Wilson's disease include D-penicillamine, trientine, zinc, and DMSA [1,3,4] (Table 1). D-penicillamine is effective at removing copper from the body and can be used to treat all patients with symptoms of Wilson's disease. However, it can cause a range of adverse reactions, including neurological deterioration in 10-20% of patients during the initial treatment phase. Early sensitivity reactions, such as fever, skin eruptions, lymph node swelling, neutropenia or thrombocytopenia, and protein in the urine, may occur during the first 1-3 weeks of treatment. Later effects of treatment with D-penicillamine may include nephrotoxicity, bone marrow toxicity, and dermatological toxicities. In 1969, trientine (triethylene tetramine dihydrochloride or 2,2,2-tetramine) was introduced as an alternative to D-penicillamine. Trientine is a chelator with a polyamine-like structure chemically distinct from D-penicillamine. It is similar to D-penicillamine in that it promotes the excretion of copper in the kidneys. Trientine is generally associated with fewer side effects than D-penicillamine, but it can still cause bone marrow depression [5], hepatotoxicity [6], and overly aggressive removal of copper, which can lead to neurological dysfunction. Besides, the high cost and lack of availability of trientine limit its use in China. Zinc works by inhibiting copper absorption in the intestine; It can be used as first-line treatment for asymptomatic patients, as well as maintenance treatment for ordinary patients and alternative treatment for penicillamine intolerant patients. Zinc is also effective in treating neurological symptoms associated with Wilson's disease. It has few side effects, the most common of which are gastrointestinal irritation and numbness of the lips and limbs. Other potential adverse effects include decreased immune function and increased serum cholesterol and low density lipoprotein levels. In addition, zinc's effects may be slow to manifest.

  


    
Drug

    
Mode of action

    
Side effects

  

  


    
D-Penicillamine

    
General chelator induces renal excretion of copper

    
• Neurological deterioration

  

  


    
• Fever and cutaneous eruptions, lymphadenopathy, neutropenia or    thrombocytopenia, and proteinuria

  

  


    
• Nephrotoxicity

  

  


    
• Bone marrow toxicity

  

  


    
• Dermatological toxicities

  

  


    
Trientine

    
General chelator induces renal excretion of copper

    
• Bone marrow depression

  

  


    
• Hepatotoxicity

  

  


    
• Neurological dysfunction

  

  


    
Zinc

    
Metallothionein inducer, blocks intestinal copper absorption

    
• Gastrointestinal irritation

  

  


    
• Numbness of the lips and limbs

  

  


    
• Decreased immune function

  

  


    
• Increased serum cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein levels

  

  


    
Dimercaptosuccinic acid

    
General chelator induces renal excretion of copper

    
• Neurological deterioration: mainly manifested as increased muscular    tension, mental symptoms appear or worsen.

  

  


    
• Digestive tract reactions: mainly manifested as fatigue, abdominal    distension, and decreased appetite

  

  


    
• Allergic reaction: mainly manifested as fever, drug rash.

  

  


    
• Bleeding:

  

Table 1: Currently available oral treatments for Wilson disease.