Comparison of COX-2 Selective and Traditional NSAIDs on Experimental Gastric Ulcer Healing in Humans

Research Article

Austin J Gastroenterol. 2021; 8(1): 1114.

Comparison of COX-2 Selective and Traditional NSAIDs on Experimental Gastric Ulcer Healing in Humans

Tau JA, Qureshi W, El-Zimaity HMT, Opekun AR and Graham DY*

Department of Medicine, Veterans Affairs Medical Center and Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA

*Corresponding author: David Y Graham, Michael E. DeBakey Veterans Affairs Medical Center, RM 3A-390A (111D), 2002 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX 77030, USA

Received: June 22, 2021; Accepted: July 14, 2021; Published: July 21, 2021

Abstract

Background: Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs impair gastrointestinal ulcers healing. This study evaluated the role of cyclooxygenase isozymes COX- 1 and COX-2 in the healing of acute gastric ulcers in humans.

Methods: This was an open-label, endoscopist-blind, parallel-group study, age and sex matched at baseline in normal volunteers. At endoscopy, we took four large jumbo forceps gastric mucosal biopsies (2 from each of the antrum and corpus). Subjects received celecoxib 200mg bid), naproxen 500mg bid), nabumetone 1000mg bid or placebo until end of study. Endoscopies were performed after 5 days and every 3 days until complete re-epithelialization of all lesions or 30 days. Survival analysis was used to compare time-to-healing defined as the day with complete re-epithelialization of all ulcers.

Results: Fifty-two subjects completed the study, each received four biopsyinduced gastric ulcers (204 total ulcers; the majority included the muscularis mucosa). The mean time-to-healing was 9.4 ± 0.4 days with placebo, 10.5 ± 0.4 with celecoxib, 11.1 ± 0.6 with naproxen, and 12.3 ± 0.9 with nabumetone. The time to healing of each ulcer or all ulcers was significantly delayed compared to placebo with naproxen (p=0.01) and nabumetone (p=0.002) but not with celecoxib (p=0.07).

Conclusion: The COX-1 preferential inhibitor naproxen and the balanced COX-1/COX-2 inhibitor nabumetone significantly delayed the healing of ulcers. With the COX-2 specific inhibitor celecoxib, healing was delayed but not significantly. Synthesis of COX-1 derived prostaglandins appears to be important in the healing of gastric ulcers in humans.

Keywords: Helicobacter pylori; Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs; Celecoxib; Nabumetone; Naproxen; Placebo; Human volunteers; Experimental ulcer; Ulcer healing

Introduction

Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs) are widely available over the counter and by prescription and are widely used for treatment of pain and inflammation [1-4]. NSAID use is however not without risk [5]. The risk of developing a serious, life-threatening event attributable to NSAID use increases with age, concurrent corticosteroid use, concomitant Helicobacter pylori infection, antiinflammatory dose, past history of an ulcer or ulcer complication, as well as the use of multiple NSAIDs including aspirin [1,6,7]. The major gastrointestinal adverse event associated with NSAID use is gastroduodenal ulceration, which may result in gastrointestinal bleeding, perforation or obstruction [8]. As the prevalence of Helicobacter pylori infection has declined, Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drug (NSAID) has become a major cause of gastro-duodenal ulcers [9].

The primary event leading to mucosal damage is related to the ability of NSAIDs to inhibit mucosal Cyclooxygenase (COX), which exist in two forms (COX-1 and COX-2). COX-1 is constitutively expressed and is primarily responsible for maintenance of both gastric mucosal integrity and mucosal repair [10]. COX-2 is predominantly responsible for inflammation. It was initially believed that NSAIDs with predominately COX-2 inhibition would allow targeted therapy and allow clinicians to relief pain and inflammation without inhibiting normal COX-1 related mucosal defense. Thus, pain relief would be obtained with a reduction in NSAID-associated risks of significant gastrointestinal adverse events. Several selective COX-2 inhibitors were introduced and compared with COX-1 inhibitors concerning their propensity to cause mucosal damage and more importantly, clinically significant outcomes of perforation, ulceration, or major bleeding (PUBs) [11]. Despite the admonition that one should use NSAIDs at their lowest effective dose or the shortest time, the study paradigm typically consisted of comparisons with maximum allowable doses of traditional NSAIDs. This proved difficult in part because of the rapid decline of Helicobacter pylori infections and the fact that concomitant aspirin appeared to abrogate any potential benefit of specific COX-2 inhibitors. Because of the discovery of significant cardiovascular side effects all selective COX-2 inhibitors except celecoxib were withdrawn and the dosage of celecoxib was restricted [12,13]. A subsequent large-scale study that compared celecoxib to naproxen and ibuprofen taken with esomeprazole confirmed the low cardiovascular risk with celecoxib. In this treatment paradigm, major gastrointestinal events although uncommon were significantly less frequent with celecoxib than high dose naproxen or ibuprofen [14,15].

Traditional NSAIDs differ in their analgesic properties in relation to their inflammatory activity, which also allows clinicians to select NSAIDs based on their goal (e.g., analgesia, inflammatory activity, or both) [16]. For example, 200mg of ibuprofen has primarily analgesic activity with minimal anti-inflammatory activity. In contrast, piroxicam has analgesic activity only at a full anti-inflammatory activity. Nabumetone is a nonacidic prodrug with a metabolite (6 MNA) that inhibits both COX 1 and COX 2 in vivo [17]. Nabumetone is also considered to be “preferential” for COX 2 with only modest COX-1 activity and along with Etodolac, have been proposed to possibly have increased safety when the indication is for analgesia and high anti-inflammatory activity is not required [16,18].

Both traditional and COX-2 inhibitors have also been shown to delay the healing of experimental ulcers in animal models. Both can also cause acute gastric mucosal damage, including ulcers [19,20]. This study was designed to compare the effects of traditional NSAIDs and selective COX-2 inhibitors on the healing of acute experimental gastric ulcers in humans. The hypothesis was that COX-2 inhibitors would not decrease the rate of mucosal lesion healing compared to placebo and would produce similar delayed healing rates similar to that of the traditional NSAIDs, naproxen, or nabumetone.

Methods

This study was an open label, placebo-controlled endoscopist blind, and parallel-group study to compare the effects of celecoxib, nabumetone, and naproxen on the healing of iatrogenic induced gastric ulcers in human volunteers (IND 58,489). It was based on the premise that routine mucosal biopsy with jumbo forceps causes small acute ulcers that heal rapidly among subjects receiving placebo. The NSAIDs chosen for the three test groups were celecoxib, nabumetone, and naproxen (a potent COX-1-preferential NSAID) or placebo. All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and/or national research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki Declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards. The study was approved by the Baylor Affiliates Review Board for Human Studies and the Houston Veteran’s Affairs Medical Center Human Research Committee.

After obtaining informed consent, subjects were enrolled if they were aged 18 to 55 years, found to be in good health by medical history, physical examination and routine laboratory tests, understood the stringent requirements of the study protocol. Demographic information was recorded for each subject, including gender, occupation, and ethnicity.

Subjects were excluded from the study if they had any significant medical conditions including peptic ulcer disease, gastrointestinal hemorrhage, cardiovascular disease, renal disease, hepatic disease, pulmonary disease, uncontrolled diabetes, hypercalcemia, blood dyscrasia, coagulopathy, required anticoagulation therapy or active neoplastic disease. Other exclusion criteria included a history of aspirin intolerance; aspirin-induced bronchospasm, asthma, nasal polyps, angioedema, alcohol or drug abuse within 5 years of screening or pregnancy as determined by serum HCG titer. Subjects were also excluded if they had admitted to using antacids, protonpump inhibitors, or H2-antagonists for symptoms of dyspepsia more than twice during the month preceding enrollment. Other exclusionary drug use included warfarin, corticosteroids (parenteral or by mouth), NSAIDs (including over-the-counter products), cold and sinus remedies that contained NSAIDs, COX-2 inhibitors, or any other medication with known potential for inducing gastrointestinal mucosal injury.

Once subjects were generally qualified to participate, they underwent upper gastrointestinal endoscopy using a Pentax upper gastrointestinal endoscope. Except for topical oro-pharyngeal anesthesia, they were not sedated. If the gastric mucosa appeared normal by gross visual surveillance and the subjects tolerated the procedure easily, they were cleared for further participation with iatrogenic ulcer induction and medication randomization. Preexisting gastric mucosal lesions resulted in disqualification.

Qualified subjects received 4 jumbo (3.3mm, MicroVasive Radial Jaw® Single-use Biopsy Forceps, Boston Scientific, Watertown MA) gastric mucosal biopsies that included the muscularis mucosa; 2 from the gastric antrum and two from the gastric corpus or 4 per subject. Each biopsy was oval with fixed dimensions approximating 2.8 x 5.8 mm. Biopsies fixed in 10% buffered formalin and were processed using standard histopathological methods including hematoxylin and eosin staining methods and by the El-Zimaity staining method for evaluation of residual inflammation [21]. Histopathological observations were recorded including the presence or absence of H. pylori infection, and Polymorphonuclear Cells (PMN’s). Subject were enrolled prior to availability of the histology results.

Following endoscopy, patients were randomized and received either celecoxib (200mg bid), naproxen (500mg bid), nabumetone (1,000mg bid) or placebo. Follow up endoscopies were performed after 5 days of drug and then at 3 day intervals until complete re epithelialization (primary outcome variable) of all lesions or a total of four weeks passed (days 0, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18, 21, 24, 27, and 30). The NSAID was continued throughout this period. At each endoscopy, the site of each lesion was identified and an endoscopic assessment of re epithelialization was determined and recorded.

Although the study was not a completely blinded study, it was randomized, and the endoscopist was blinded to the treatment regimen received by individual subjects. All study medication was dispensed through the hospital pharmacy. Celecoxib and naproxen were commercial products. SmithKline Beecham Pharmaceuticals provided Nabumetone and matching placebo. Both the nabumetone and placebo were supplied as 500mg in the form of unmarked white tablets.

Data analysis

We expected the ulcers to completely re-epithelialized within 8 days with placebo and that NSAIDs use would prolong the time to healing. The analyses included the proportion with unhealed biopsy induced lesions at each time point as well at the time to healing for the group. This was evaluated two ways as the time to complete healing and as the time when one-half (2 or the 4) biopsy sites were healed. The primary analysis was placebo vs. naproxen and was designed to confirm the animal studies. We chose the sample size based on the premise that healing will be complete in at least 80% of those receiving placebo at day 8 vs. 20% of those receiving NSAIDs. The sample size of 13 per group for the primary analysis was calculated using SigmaStat with a power of 0.8 and alpha of 0.05 and Yates correction factor. The secondary analyses are exploratory and address the question of whether NSAIDs with lesser ability to damage the gastric mucosa react more like naproxen or like a placebo. These analyses included the proportion of patients with unhealed biopsy induced lesions and the number of lesions remaining unhealed at each time point as well at the time to healing for the group. We calculated the group means at each time point using the number of lesions unhealed for each patient. We used cumulative life table analyses to compare grouphealing rates, with particular attention to the time to 50% healing.