How Nature Works in Therapeutics?

Research Article

AAustin Pharmacol Pharm. 2019; 4(1): 1018.

How Nature Works in Therapeutics?

Murad S1*, Ijaz-Ur-Rehman2, Khokhar AQ3, Jahan B4, Aslam H5 and Ghaffar A6

1Professor of Pharmacology, IMDC-Islamabad, Pakistan

2Professor of Urologist at DHQH, DIK, Pakistan

3AP, CM Deptt at KIMS Pakistan

4Associative Prof of Surgery at MSBBMC, Layari Karachi Pakistan

5Assistant Professor of Pharmacology, IMDC-Islamabad

6CWO at DANTH-IMDC, Isd Pakistan

*Corresponding author: Murad S, Professor of Pharmacology, IMDC-Islamabad, Pakistan

Received: June 20, 2019; Accepted: July 24, 2019; Published: July 31, 2019

Abstract

Ginger (Zingiber officinale), a member of the Zingiberaceae family, is a popular spice used globally especially in most of the Asian countries. Chemical analysis of ginger shows that it contains over 400 different compounds. The major constituents in ginger rhizomes are carbohydrates (50-70%), lipids (3- 8%), terpenes, and phenolic compounds. Terpene components of ginger include zingiberene, β-bisabolene, a-farnesene, β-sesquiphellandrene, and a-curcumene, while phenolic compounds include gingerol, paradols, and shogaol. These gingerols (23-25%) and shogaol (18-25%) are found in higher quantity than others are. Besides these, amino acids, raw fiber, ash, protein, phytosterols, vitamins (e.g., nicotinic acid and vitamin A), and minerals are present. We selected its hypolipidemic and weight lost effects in primary and secondary hyperlipidemic patients.

Type of Research Study: It was placebo-controlled study.

Area of Research: Research was conducted in Jinnah hospital, Lahore, Pakistan. Duration of study: It was three months, from January 2014 to June 2014.

Material, Method and Results: Already well understood, clearly explained written consent was taken from sixty hyperlipidemic patients’ age range from 18 to 70 years. Both gender male and female patients were enrolled. Patients were randomly divided in two groups, 30 patients were on drug ginger pasted-powder advised to take 5 grams in divided doses with their normal diet for the period of three months. Thirty patients were on placebo pasted-wheat powder, with same color as of ginger powder, advised to take 5 grams in divided doses with their normal diet for the period of three months. Their base line lipid profile and body weight was recorded at start of treatment and were advised to come for checkup, fortnightly. When duration of study was over, their lipid profile and body weight was measured and compared statistically with pre-treatment values. Three months treatment with 5 grams of Ginger decreased LDL-cholesterol 17.41%, total-cholesterol 8.83% and body weight 2.11%. When compared with placebo group, all changes in mentioned parameters were significant biostatistically.

Conclusion: It was concluded from results of study that active ingredients of ginger lower plasma lipids and body weight significantly, eventually preventing development of coronary artery disease in primary and secondary hyperlipidemic patients.

Introduction

Ginger has been reported as a pain relief for arthritis, muscle soreness, chest pain, low back pain, stomach pain, and menstrual pain. It can be used for treating upper respiratory tract infections, cough, and bronchitis. As an anti-inflammatory agent, it is recommended for joint problems. Fresh juice of ginger has been shown to treat skin burns. Active component of ginger is used as a laxative and antacid medication. It is also used to warm the body for boosting the circulation and lowering high blood pressure. Because of its warming effect, ginger acts as antiviral for treatment of cold and flu. Ginger is also used as a flavoring agent in foods and beverages and as a fragrance in soaps and cosmetics. Cardiovascular diseases and stroke are complication of hyperlipidemia, diabetes mellitus and hypertension [1]. Many hypolipidemic drugs have already been proved to be useful in lowering serum lipid levels in patients. However, its side effects in long-term treatment were more reported and its prices were still expensive. Thus, efforts to develop effective and better hypolipidemic drugs had led to the discovery of natural medicinal herbs [2]. The beneficial uses of medicinal plants in traditional system of medicine of many cultures are extensively documented [3]. Several plants have been used as dietary adjuvant and in treating the number of diseases even without any knowledge on their proper functions and constituents [4]. Over 80% of the world, population uses natural remedies as medicine and over 70% of doctors in Germany prescribe plant-based medicines [5]. Ginger (Zingiber officinale) is a natural dietary component, which has hypolipidemic, antiplatelet aggregation, antioxidant and anticarcinogenic properties [6]. Ginger is indigenous to southern China, spreading eventually to the Spice Islands, other parts of Asia and subsequently to West Africa and the Caribbean [7]. Ginger was exported to Europe via India in the first century AD as a result of the lucrative spice trade. India remains the largest producer of ginger [8]. Hypolipidemic and antiplatelet therapy is an effective approach for preventing coronary heart disease [9]. Ginger components are suggested as a potential new class of plateletactivation inhibitors without the potential side effects of aspirin, which is most commonly used in this approach. In a comparison of gingerols and analogs with aspirin, ginger compounds were found to be less potent compared to aspirin in inhibiting arachidonic acidinduced platelet release and aggregation and COX activity. However, several analogs had a significant inhibitory effect, suggesting that further development of more potent gingerol analogs might have value as an alternative to aspirin therapy in preventing ischemic heart disease [10,11]. Mechanism by which ginger may lower cholesterol is well understood by scientists and other researchers. They explain that ginger activates an enzyme that increases body’s use of cholesterol and lowers it. Several studies show that ginger can lower experimentally induced high cholesterol in animals, but more studies on ginger’s effect on humans with high cholesterol are needed before the substance can be touted as a treatment for high cholesterol [12].

Material and Method

Research study was conducted at Jinnah hospital Lahore Pakistan, from January 2014 to June 2014. Written consent was taken from sixty hyperlipidemic patient’s age range from 18 to 70 years. Both gender male and female patients were enrolled. Patients were randomly divided in two groups, 30 patients were on drug ginger pasted-powder advised to take 5 grams in divided doses with their normal diet for the period of three months. Thirty patients were on placebo pasted-wheat powder, with same color as of ginger powder, advised to take 5 grams in divided doses with their normal diet for the period of three months. Their base line lipid profile (for total serum cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol) and body weight was recorded at start of treatment and were advised to come for check-up, fortnightly. When duration of study was over, their lipid profile and body weight was measured and compared statistically with pre-treatment values. Serum total cholesterol was estimated by the enzymatic calorimatic method. Serum LDL-cholesterol was calculated by Friedwald formula5 (LDL-Cholesterol = Total Cholesterol-(Triglycerides/5 +HDL-Cholesterol). Body weight was determined by conventional method of usual weight machine Data were expressed as the mean ± SD and paired “t” test was applied to determine statistical significance as the difference. A probability value of ‹0.05 was considered as nonsignificance and P‹0.001 was considered as highly significant change in the results.

Results

Three months treatment with 5 grams of Ginger reduced LDLcholesterol from 185.21±2.01 to 157.72±1.90mg/dl, which is highly significant change in the parameter (p-value ‹0.001). Serum total cholesterol at baseline was 251.11±2.00mg/dl, which reduced to 230.71±1.77mg/dl. This change is highly significant statistically, with p-value ‹0.001. Mean body weight decreased from 79.01±kg to 77.32±2.61kg in three months therapy. All changes are highly significant statistically, having p-value ‹0.001. In placebo group LDL-Cholesterol, serum total cholesterol and body weight reduction was 0.18, 0.77, and 0.22 % respectively. All these changes are nonsignificant (p-value >0.05). Detailed changes are shown in following (Tables 1,2).

Citation:Murad S, Ijaz-Ur-Rehman, Khokhar AQ, Jahan B, Aslam H and Ghaffar A. How Nature Works in Therapeutics?. Austin Pharmacol Pharm. 2019; 4(1): 1018.