Novel Anti-Inflammatory and Wound Healing Controlled Released LDH-Curcumin Nanocomposite Via Intramuscular Implantation, In-Vivo Study

Research Article

Austin J Pharmacol Ther. 2021; 9(4).1145.

Novel Anti-Inflammatory and Wound Healing Controlled Released LDH-Curcumin Nanocomposite Via Intramuscular Implantation, In-Vivo Study

Mahmoud R1, Safwat N2, Fathy M3, Mohamed N4, El-Dek S5, El-Banna H6, Farghali A5 and El-Ela FIA7*

1Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, Egypt

2Department of pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Beni-Suef University, Egypt

3Department of Surgery, Anesthesiology and Radiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt

4Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt

5Department of Materials Science and Nanotechnology, Faculty of Postgraduate Studies for Advanced Sciences, Beni-Suef University, Egypt

6Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt

7Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Beni-Suef University, Egypt

*Corresponding author: Fatma I Abo El-Ela, Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Beni-Suef University, 62511, Egypt

Received: May 12, 2021; Accepted: July 01, 2021; Published: July 08, 2021

Abstract

One of the most common problems in wounds is delayed healing and complications such as infection. Therefore, the need for novel materials accelerates the healing of wounds especially abdominal wounds after surgery besides high efficiency and safety is mandatory. The rate of wound healing, anti-inflammatory and biocompatibility of Zn-Al LDH alone and loaded with Curcumin was screened via in-vivo assays through intramuscular implantation in rat abdominal wall with intact peritoneum cavity. The implanted drugs were formed through Curcumin loaded into LDH of Zn-Al with drug release of 56.78 ±1.51% within 24 h. The synthesized nanocomposite was characterized by thermal analysis, X-ray diffraction, Field emission scanning microscopy, high resolution transmission electron microscope and BET surface area. The integrity of blood circulation, inflammatory signs, wound healing rate, capacity of tissue integration, antigenicity and composite biocompatibility, auto fluorescence ability of collagen bundles and the tensile strength of the muscle were assessed histopathologically after 7 and 30 days post-implantation. Excellent wound healing ability was achieved with shortest length between the wound gap edges and higher tensile strength of the muscle. Besides emit florescence very well followed by good healing and tensile muscles strength in Curcumin while very low strength with scar formation in Curcumin-Zn/Al-LDH in both acute and chronic wound. No signs of inflammation in Curcumin & Zn-Al LDH. No vessels obstruction or bleeding observed in both Zn/Al-LDH and Curcumin more than nanocurcumin and control which examined through candling. Good healing & infiltrated immune cells in same groups through histopathological examination. This work supports the anti-inflammatory, wound healing and biocompatibility of both LDH and Curcumin with living matter, increasing their biomedical applications in this era with safety and increasing efficacy with prolonged drug release.

Keywords: Curcumin; Zn-Al LDH; Nanocomposite; Auto fluorescence; Wound; Rats

Introduction

Layer Double Hydroxides (LDH’s) are anionic clay materials with structure similar to brucite [1] and chemical formula [M(II) (1-x)M(III)x(OH)2]x+(An-)x/n·yH2O. M(II) is a divalent cation such as Mg, Ni, Zn, Cu or Co and M(III) is a trivalent cation such as Al, Cr, Fe or Ga, while An- is an anion of charge such as CO3-, Cl-,NO3- or organic anions, Figure 1 [2] illustrated the structure of LDH, which consists of outer layer positively charge metal hydroxide and interlayer of negative anions to counter balance the overall charge. LDHs are imposing much more attention as a biocompatible material due to their fascinating properties ion exchange capacities, ability to intercalate anions, high water retention capacity, low toxicity and large surface area and pore size [3,4]. The mentioned characteristic features make LDH qualified to be used in medical sector such as antimicrobial [5], anti-inflammatory, antifungal [6], wound healing [7], drug delivery, drug release [8], and anticancer [9]. Additionally LDHs are used in different applications and sectors. According to Scopus statistics in last few decades, there are growing in the number of published articles on LDH and their application, which indicate the expansion of interest in LDH shown in Figure 2. (to be transferred to the 1st paragraph in the introduction).

Figure 1: EDAX of Zn-Al LDH.

    

    
    

    

    Figure 1: EDAX of Zn-Al LDH.

Figure 2: XRD patterns of ICCD card (00- 058- 0178), Zn-Al LDH, Curcumin, ICCD card (00- 048- 1021), and (Zn-Al LDH/Curcumin) nanocomposite.

    

    
    

    

    Figure 2: XRD patterns of ICCD card (00- 058- 0178), Zn-Al LDH, Curcumin,
ICCD card (00- 048- 1021), and (Zn-Al LDH/Curcumin) nanocomposite.

The peritoneum and area of the abdominal cavity are considered the most active areas for the surgical activity, healing of the peritoneal surfaces with subsequent adhesion formation remain one of the most clinical problems at surgery and post-operative, different studies had been made for understanding the pathophysiology of these responses remains elusive [10].

Maintenance of drug levels for a specified period of time with maintained drug concentration, lower dosing, higher efficacy and bioavailability are the main advantages for the controlled or sustained drug release. Controlled drug delivery is a way for delivering the drug at a predetermined rate, for locally or systemically and for a specified period of time. In surgery the implanted materials should be biocompatible, inert and safe or non-toxic [11].

Healing process of any wound is an interaction of a complex cascade of cellular events in the injured area that generates resurfacing, reconstitution, and restoration of the tensile strength [12]. Induction of wound in muscle include proliferative phase where fibroplasia; specialized fibroblasts termed myofibroblasts, which resemble contractile smooth muscle cells [12] and angiogenesis occur. Meanwhile, granulation tissue forms and the wound begin to contract. Finally, during the maturation phase, collagen forms tight cross-links to other collagen and with protein molecules, increasing the tensile strength of the scar present between muscle edges [12].

Importance of flurence (check spelling and meaning), [13] reported that many tissue components have an intrinsic fluorescence including health muscle fibers as well as collagen and elastic connective tissue.

Curcumin (Diferuloylmethane) is a hydrophobic polyphenolic compound with chemical structure [1,7-bis(4-hydroxy-3- methoxyphenyl)-1,6-heptadiene-3,5-dione] [14] Shown in Figure 3. Curcumin is the active component and a major yellow phytochemical compound in turmeric (Curcuma longa), which has been used in the traditional medicine in south East Asia countries, because their power of treatment against most chronic disease [15]. Curcumin possess many biological and pharmacological properties, which make it a good candidate in a diversity of biomedical applications such as anticancer, antioxidant, antiviral, anti-inflammatory and drug delivery applications [16-18]. (It is preferred to write a small paragraph on your previous work on LDH in wound healing and results.

Figure 3: FTIR of Zn-Al LDH, Curcumin, and Zn-Al LDH/Curcumin.

    

    
    

    

    Figure 3: FTIR of Zn-Al LDH, Curcumin, and Zn-Al LDH/Curcumin.

Completing our series of work on LDH nanocomposite, we decided to throw light on how LDH-Curcumin could help in accelerating healing procedure as compared with pure curcumin.

The main aim of this study is to help the rapid healing of intraabdominal surgery in a controlled release manner through natural controlled nanocomposite in shorter time. Herein, the nanocomposite was prepared and characterized via several techniques for better descrition of its physico-chemical features. The evaluation depends upon both macroscopic and microscopic alterations in rectus abdominis muscle of male albino rats after surgical inducted wound (Table 1). Moreover, a comparative investigation between the healing process between three different treatments (pure curcumin common preparation and Zn-Al LDH Curcumin nanocomposite).

Table 1: Displaying the all data analysis about between two healing edges of rectus abdominis muscle.





  

    
    
Area

    
Min

    
Max

    
Perim.

    
Angle

    
Length

  

  

    
G-I

    
754

    
58.852

    
254.989

    
753.335

    
179.924

    
753.335

  

  

    
G-II

    
516

    
10.667

    
245.974

    
514.674

    
-89.777

    
514.674

  

  

    
G-III

    
864

    
11.869

    
254.003

    
862.503

    
-29.119

    
862.503

  

  

    
G-IV

    
452

    
4.841

    
253.135

    
451.1

    
-65.535

    
451.1

  










Table 1: Displaying the all data analysis about between two healing edges of
rectus abdominis muscle.

Materials and Methods

Materials and reagents

All LDH precursors were prepared using chloride salts, and were purchased from Alpha Chemika, India, and Oxford Laboratory Reagent, India. Sodium hydroxide (NaOH) was purchased from Piochem for laboratory chemicals, EGYPT, and hydrochloric acid (HCl) was obtained from Carlo Erba reagents. All chemicals had a high degree of purity. Curcumin pure natural powder with 100% purity obtained from Pharma Swede Pharmaceutical Company, Egypt.

Synthesis of Zn-Al-LDH and Loading of Curcumin on Zn- Al-LDH

Zinc chloride and Aluminum chloride (i.e. Zn: Al molar ratio of 4:1) were dissolved in 100 mL distilled water. 2 M Sodium hydroxide NaOH was added drop wise until complete precipitation at pH 8.0.The precipitate suspension was stirred for 20 hours at room temperature, filtered, washed several times with bidistilled water and finally dried at 40oC.

Zn-Al LDH/Curcumin Nanocomposite (i.e. Zn: Al: Curcumin molar ratio of 4:1:0.5) was synthesized by repeating the above mentioned procedures and adding a solution of Curcumin (1.5 gm of curcumin dissolved in 50 ml ethanol) to the medium before precipitation at pH 8.0 using droplets of NaOH. The Curcumin-LDHprecipitate suspension was stirred at room temperature for 20 hours, filtered, washed thoroughly for several times, and dried at 40oC.

Characterization

The phase formation and crystallinity of the nanocomposites were characterized by XRD technique. The vibrations of material chemical bond were examined by Fourier Transform Infra-red (FT-IR, Bruker Vertex 70). High resolution Transmission electron microscope (HRTEM, JEOL-JEM 2100) were used to characterize the microstructure of all nanocomposites. The morphology and elemental analysis (EDAX) of Zn-Al/LDH were characterized by Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope (FESEM, Quanta FEG 250) to confirmer ratio of Zn-Al LDH (Zn: Al=4:1) which are shown in Figure 4. The hydrodynamic size and zeta potential were studied (experimentally optimized) by a Malvern (Malvern Instruments Ltd), using the methodology mentioned in our reported work [19]. The BET specific surface area, specific pore volume, and pore sizes of the adsorbent materials were determined by N2 adsorption isotherms using an automatic surface analyzer (TriStar II 3020, Micromeritics, USA) and the samples preparation was mentioned in our previous work [5]. Thermogravimetric analysis TGA /DTA was performed under N2 gas with a SDT Q600 V20.9 Build 20 at a heating rate of 10°C/min.

Figure 4: Low and high magnification HRTEM images of Zn-Al LDH (a and b), Zn-Al LDH/curcumin (c and d) and the FESEM images of Zn-Al LDH (e and f).

    

    
    

    

    Figure 4: Low and high magnification HRTEM images of Zn-Al LDH (a and
b), Zn-Al LDH/curcumin (c and d) and the FESEM images of Zn-Al LDH (e
and f).

Drug release

Release study was performed using dissolution apparatus I (VanKel, Agilent technologies, USA). A representative amount of 10 mg Curcumin immersed in 500 ml phosphate buffer pH 7.4 containing 0.1% Tween 80. Two ml samples were withdrawn in predetermined time intervals and drug concentration was measured at 424 nm using UV spectrophotometer. To ensure that sustained release profile is not due to membrane, curcumin dispersion in the same concentration with Curcumin SLNs was studied under the same condition for release. The drug release was calculated as following equation:

Drug release% = Amount of TXC released at time / Initial amount of TXC encapsulated in the noisome x 100.

Animals

This work was conducted on twenty-four adult male albino rats (divided into four groups of six rats) weighing range from 150 to 200 gm., and were reared on standard diet daily with continuous available water for 24 hour. The experimental study was carried out after 7 days acclimatization for the rats with standard protocol of 12 hour light and dark and of each group in its specific metal cage. The experiment was subjected to the Institutional Animal Ethics Committee (IAEC) at Beni-Suef University. The Institutional Committee for Animal Care at Beni-Suef University, Egypt, approved all the performed procedures. Whereas, Animal handling, study weight, dosing and the performed procedures were approved according to the care guidelines. These animals were housed under standard environmental conditions. Rats were obtained from lab animal unit; Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Beni-Suef University, Egypt. Rats were kept in standard laboratory conditions 22±3°C, 60±5% humidity and a 12 hours light/dark cycle. Animal handling including weighing and gavage procedures were carried out in accordance with and approved by the institutional animal care and use committee, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Beni-Suef University (Protocol of animal rights for laboratory experiments).

Intramuscular Implantation assessment

The animals were anaesthetized by intra-peritoneal injection mixture of 10 mg/kg xylazine HCl (Xyla-Ject® 2% ADWIA Co., A.R.E.) and 100 mg/kg ketamine HCl (Ketamar® 5% sol. Amoun Co. A.R.E) [20]. The animals were prepared for aseptic surgery; surgical skin incision of 2 cm was done in the midline and creates the blunt dissection between the external and internal abdominal oblique muscles. The peritoneal cavity remained intact without perforation (Plate 1(Figure 1)) [21].

Plate 1: Plate 1: Showing method of surgical incision of the rectus abdominis muscle pouring in between the incision of different powders of drugs by using new convential method. Figure 1: Showing the surgical dissection between internal and external abdominal obliques muscles. Figure 2: Showing the insulin syringe after remove its tip for drugs application as a new convential method for drug powder pouring. Figure 3: Showing the topical application of Nano-material of Curcumin+Zn- Al LDH in between the incised wound of rectus abdominis muscle. Figure 4: Showing the topical application of Curcumin alone in between the incised wound of rectus abdominis muscle. Figure 5: Showing the topical application of Nano-material Zn-Al LDH alone in between the incised wound of rectus abdominis muscle. Figure 6: Showing the powder of Nano-material of Curcumin+Zn-Al LDH (yellow arrow) present between the external abdominal obliques muscles (blue arrow) and the internal abdominal obliques muscles (black arrow). Figure 7: Showing the powder of Curcumin (blue arrow) present between the external abdominal obliques muscles (black arrow) and the internal abdominal obliques muscles (yellow arrow). Figure 8: Showing the powder of Nano-material Zn-Al LDH (black arrow) present between the external abdominal obliques muscles and the internal abdominal obliques muscles. Figure 9 & 10: Suturing of muscle dissections by 4/0 vicryl (arrows).

    

    
    

    

    Plate 1: Plate 1: Showing method of surgical incision of the rectus abdominis muscle
pouring in between the incision of different powders of drugs by using new
convential method.
Figure 1: Showing the surgical dissection between internal and external
abdominal obliques muscles.
Figure 2: Showing the insulin syringe after remove its tip for drugs application
as a new convential method for drug powder pouring.
Figure 3: Showing the topical application of Nano-material of Curcumin+Zn-
Al LDH in between the incised wound of rectus abdominis muscle.
Figure 4: Showing the topical application of Curcumin alone in between the
incised wound of rectus abdominis muscle.
Figure 5: Showing the topical application of Nano-material Zn-Al LDH alone
in between the incised wound of rectus abdominis muscle.
Figure 6: Showing the powder of Nano-material of Curcumin+Zn-Al LDH
(yellow arrow) present between the external abdominal obliques muscles
(blue arrow) and the internal abdominal obliques muscles (black arrow).
Figure 7: Showing the powder of Curcumin (blue arrow) present between
the external abdominal obliques muscles (black arrow) and the internal
abdominal obliques muscles (yellow arrow).
Figure 8: Showing the powder of Nano-material Zn-Al LDH (black arrow)
present between the external abdominal obliques muscles and the internal
abdominal obliques muscles.
Figure 9 & 10: Suturing of muscle dissections by 4/0 vicryl (arrows).

The drugs were poured into the surgical abdominal gap made in rectus abdominis muscles using insulin syringe after removing of its tip (Plate 1(Figure 2)). In Group I (control), the induction of surgical aseptic wound without treatment, In Group III, the wound was treated with Nanocomposite ZnAl LDH/Curcumin (Plate 1(Figure 3&6)), Group II, topically treated by Curcumin only (Figure 4&7). Finally, in Group IV, the wound was topically treated by Zn/ Al LDH only (Figure 5&8). All muscle dissections were sutured by 4/0 vicryl (coated vicryl, polygalactin 910, ETHICON limited, UK) (Plate 1(Figure 9 &10)) and the drug area inside the two abdominal muscles was about (2×3 cm). The skin closure of all animals was done with 4/0 continuous nylon suture. All surgical procedures were implemented under aseptic conditions. The tissues holding the tablets were collected after 7 and 30 days after implantation under the same general anesthesia.

Figure 5: N2 adsorption-desorption isotherm (a) and pore size distribution (b and c) of Zn-Al LDH and Zn-Al LDH/curcumin.

    

    
    

    

    Figure 5: N2 adsorption-desorption isotherm (a) and pore size distribution (b and c) of Zn-Al LDH and Zn-Al LDH/curcumin.

Candling

Using of a strong light lamp for assessing the vasculature in the injured area in all animals.

Gross examination before euthanasia of animals

The injured area was examined grossly in all animals in all groups, and photographed for recording any alterations present in the area.

Histopathological study

Tissue samples were collected on time of one week and one month postoperative for histopathological studies. Tissue specimens were fixed in 10% neutral buffered formalin for about two days. The specimens were processed by paraffin embedding method, sectioned 5-7 μ and stained with Hematoxylin and Eosin according to [22].

Auto fluorescent study

Also in the time of one month postoperative, stained sections routinely with hematoxylin and eosin (Haematoxylin: Fluka, AG, Switzerland, Buchs SG–Eosin Y: alcohol and water soluble, Winlap, UK), were mounted in fluorescence- free D-P-X mountant (LOBA Chemie, India), The H&E stained tissue sections were examined under fluorescence microscope to estimate the intrinsic autofluorescence emitted from collagen in between the two wound gap edges [13]. (Euromex Oxion microscope Netherlands, 3 Watt LED for transmitted light, 85-240 V operation Reflected 100 W mercuryvapor light sources for fluorescence, with power supply for 85-240 V operation); the computer optimized design of the Oxion ensures high stability and durability which results in an advanced ergonomical all-round microscope. All Fields were microphotographed optically using software.

Image analysis

This technique was applied on microphotographs taken from the software of fluorescence microscope to determine and to compare the length of autofluorescent emission of gap junction healing among four groups by using image j software (http://rsb.info.nih.gov/ij/) using the same power field magnification.

Results and Discussion

XRD patterns of Zn-Al LDH, curcumin and nanocomposite (Zn- Al LDH/curcumin) are shown in Figure 5. The native Zn-Al LDH diffraction peaks are agreement with that of the synthetic hydrotalcitelike compound in ICDD card no. (00- 058- 0178), were indexed to the rhombohedral crystal structure with space group of R-3m. According to Debye Scherrer,s formula, the value of the crystallite size is calculated to be 23.1 nm. The basal reflections corresponding to 003 and 006 planes confirmed the layered structure of LDH. In native Zn-Al LDH the interlayer space (basal spacing) of d (003) = 0.77 nm and d (006) = 0.38 nm agree with that reported in the literature (Kuehn and Poellmann 2010). XRD data of curcumin revealed strong reflections in the (20) range of 10–30o which pointed to the crystalline nature of the used curcumin [15,17]. The nanocomposite Zn-Al LDH/ curcumin was successfully obtained as confirmed by the comparing with the ICDD card no.(00- 048- 1021) [23]. Their reflections were indexed as the planes (003), (006), (101), (012), (015), (018) and (110) and the crystal symmetry was kept as rhombohedral the crystallite size is 29.2 nm. The basal spacing at lower (20) 003 and 006 is 0.78 and 0.38 nm with no significant change in the d spacing and lack of crystallinity than the native LDH due to the amorphous or disordered-crystalline phase of curcumin. The broadening and low intensities of XRD peaks of nanocomposite compared to those of native LDH stable structure pointed to lowered crystallite of the nanocomposite.

FTIR transmittance spectra of curcumin, Zn-Al LDH and Zn- Al LDH/ curcumin nanocomposite were shown in Figure 6. The significant bands of curcumin are at 3476 cm-1 corresponding to the phenolic O-H stretching vibrations, the band at 1607 cm-1 related to the stretching vibration of the benzene ring skeleton, the peak at 1511 cm-1 represent the mixed C=O, C=C vibrations, and the peak at 1261 cm-1 corresponding to the stretching vibration of Aromatic-O [11,24]. In native LDH, peak at 3400 cm-1 can be ascribed to the stretching mode of OH group with hydrogen bonding of interlayer water molecules. The peak located at 1357 cm-1 is assigned to the vibration of the Cl- groups in the LDH interlayer. The bands at approximately 685 and 599 cm-1 arises from metal–oxygen bonds M–O vibration [25]. In nanocomposite, there are O-H stretching, the C=O stretching and methoxy C-O stretching vibrations of Curcumin within LDH shift to1510 cm-1 and 1608 cm-1 from 1506 cm-1 and 1616cm-1

Figure 6: TGA/DTA curves of Zn-Al LDH (A) and Zn-Al LDH/curcumin (B).

    

    
    

    

    Figure 6: TGA/DTA curves of Zn-Al LDH (A) and Zn-Al LDH/curcumin (B).
respectively. This indicates the formation of hydrogen bonds between H bond donor oxygen atoms and LDH layers. Accordingly, from FTIR analysis we conclude that the Curcumin molecules are strongly stabilized by the changing electron density within the interaction conditions of Zn-Al LDH.

In Figure 7a and 7b clarifies the layered structure of the prepared Zn-Al LDH as the sheet shape is predominant and the agglomeration is clear from the top view in Figure 7a and from the side view in Figure 7b with more magnification. The Selected – Area Electron Diffraction (SAED) illustrated well defined diffraction rings pointing to the hexagonal symmetry of the LDH as previously mentioned in XRD section. By loading curcumin on LDH it’s clear that the hexagonal platelet shape is predominant with less stacking in Figure 7c and 7d. The crystallinity get better as (contradiction) check with XRD the lattice spacing is seen at this magnification Figure 7d the Curcumin role hear is obviously working as decrease the stacking and agglomeration between layers. A better explanation is due to its poor solubility in water therefore, we dissolve the Curcumin in ethanol and we expected that it act as exfoliator. In FESM micrographs are clarified in Figure 7e and 7f where flower like arrangement of hexagonal platelets is observed with less agglomeration.

Figure 7: Normal healthy smooth muscle bundles emitting intrinsic autofluorescence when examined by fluorescent microscope. This picture is the control positive of the intrinsic autofluorescence of the normal healthy muscle bundles, and this ability disappear when occur degenerative changes to this muscle like of operation which made in all groups.

    

    
    

    

    Figure 7: Normal healthy smooth muscle bundles emitting intrinsic
autofluorescence when examined by fluorescent microscope. This picture is
the control positive of the intrinsic autofluorescence of the normal healthy
muscle bundles, and this ability disappear when occur degenerative changes
to this muscle like of operation which made in all groups.

In addition, the hydrodynamic diameters of Zn-Al LDH and Zn-Al LDH /curcumin nanocomposite were measured to be 697.1, and 1363 nm, respectively. The zeta potential was 35.70 mV for LDH while that of nanocomposite was changed to 4.14 mV after curcumin loading. The decreased electro positivity of the Zn-Al LDH /curcumin nanocomposites may be due to curcumin surface adsorption on LDH [29].

The surface area measurements and the pore size distribution of sorbents (Zn-Al LDH and Zn-Al LDH/curcumin) were characterized by the N2 adsorption–desorption isotherms presented in Figure 8. All isotherms of the samples exhibited a pronounced increase in the adsorption at a relative pressure of p/po>0.02 which means Nitrogen uptake below p/po 0.02 was negligible and micropores were blocked. This indicates that all samples are classified as IV (mesoporous solids). According to IUPAC, pores sizes are classified into microporous, mesoporous and macroporous with pore diameter up to 2, from 2 to 50, and >50 nm, respectively [2].

Figure 8: In vitro release profiles of Curcumin from Curcumin/LDH formula (n=3 ± SD).

    

    
    

    

    Figure 8: In vitro release profiles of Curcumin from Curcumin/LDH formula (n=3 ± SD).

The BET surface area of Zn-Al LDH and Zn-Al LDH/curcumin is 40.64 m2/g and 41.62 m2/g respectively. Low surface area of native LDH than its nanocomposite was attributed to the agglomeration of particles. The reason of low surface area of native LDH due to the preparation method in case of Zn-Al LDH/curcumin, ethanol is used to dissolve curcumin resulting in a decrease of agglomeration which results in a small different in surface area. HRTEM micrographs confirm these observation. The pore-size distribution. Peaks at 12 nm and 8.7 nm are depicted for Zn-Al LDH and Zn-Al LDH/curcumin, respectively. The lower value of pore size of Zn-Al LDH/curcumin is due to the blocked pores in Zn-Al LDH by curcumin confirming the successful loading of curcumin on LDH.

The Zn-Al LDH and Zn-Al LDH/Curcumin nanocomposite were subjected to thermal analysis to determine the thermal stability and degradation temperatures. The TGA/DTA curves obtained for the samples are reported in. In TGA analysis of Zn-Al LDH and Zn-Al LDH/Curcumin, one weight loss step was observed, and contributed to a total weight loss of 24.68% and 8.73% respectively. The weight loss due to the removal of chemisorbed and physisorbed water. The amount of hydration was significantly low compared to other inorganic Zn-Al LDH because the nano composite is less prone to being hydrated due to the intercalation of large organic anions. In the temperature range of 200-600 °C, the nanocomposites showed a complete dehydroxylation of layers, together with partial combustion of the adsorbed Curcumin at the edges or surfaces of the crystallites LDH, leading to an approximate weight loss of 25.56%. In Zn-Al LDH/ Curcumin a decomposition peak is observed at 360°C confirming the formation of composite molecules. A remarkable shift in DTA peaks confirms the increasing in the thermal stability of the curcumin/LDH Nano Composite. The LDH nanomaterial thus improves the stability of the anions because it provides protection for the adsorbed and intercalated anions against thermal combustion.

Healing of any wound differ according to the wound itself, the presence or absence of infection, age, health condition and /or dietary supply. All surgical procedures were performed in an identical way by a single surgeon. All animals were anesthesiazed and the surgery was made under a septic condition. All other factors were the same age, health condition and daily dietary supply.

The fact of adequate blood circulation that delivered to muscle fibers remains a starting point for efficient wound healing process. The importance here is highlighted owing to the micro vascular structure likely impacts muscle performance, hypothesized structural remodeling would occur in both the myofibers and microvasculature [12].

Our results of both candling and macroscopic appearance after one week of surgery revealed instance of prominent congested blood vessels at the site of induced wound in control group G-I (Plate 2). While the congestion not seen in the other groups unless drug remnants present only at the site of drugs implants G-II, G-III, and G-IV (Plate 2). Microscopical examination to the wound site to all groups revealed the presence of congested blood capillaries associated with leucocytic infiltrations but with different grades as in G-I (Plate 2). Prominent congested blood capillaries, as well as leucocytic cells infiltrates mainly by neutrophils and macrophages as the beginning of the inflammatory phase of wound healing, after that in G-II (Plate 2), the congestion was subsided but the abundant leucocytic infiltrates by neutrophils were prominent as curcumin reduce the time elapsed between different healing phases, acting on the inflammatory, proliferative and remodeling phases so, reducing the time needed for wound healing [12] so, the end of the inflammatory phase occur in this group. In G-III (Plate 2), the microscopical examination showed presence of some drug residues associated with minimal leucocytic infiltrations and prominent congested blood capillaries at site of wound that would suggest the speeding of wound healing through acceleration of healing stages, as normal wound healing consists of 4 phases: hemostasis, inflammation, proliferative, and remodeling. During the proliferative phase, tissue granulation associated with newly formed blood capillaries [27], and the minimal few number of leucocytes considered the end of the inflammatory phase. In G-IV (Plate 2), also occurs acceleration of healing phases, as there no congestion except edema present in the site of wound only.

Plate 2: Showing the candling, gross examination, and histopathological examination of the different four groups, one week (1w) postoperative. G-I (Control group): Grossly: Instance of congestion associated with minimal hemorrhagic spots, beginning of proliferative phase (black arrow) at the site of induced wound. Candle: Presence of prominent congested blood vessels at the site of wound (two black arrows). Histopathologically: Photomicrograph of rat rectus abdominis muscle showing prominent congested blood capillaries (yellow arrow), as well as leucocytic cells infiltrates mainly by neutrophils and macrophages as the end of the inflammatory phase of wound healing (black arrow). G-II (Group treated with Curcumin alone): Grossly: More or less normal wound site, only the drug ruminants observed at the site of wound (black arrow). Candle: No congested blood vessels and drug residue present (black arrow). Histopathologically: Photomicrograph of rat rectus abdominis muscle showing abundant leucocytic infiltrates at the site of induced wound. G-III (Group treated with Curcumin loaded on Nano-material of Zn/Al -LDH): Grossly: No congestion at the site of wound except small residue of nano-powder. Candle: No congested blood vessels but very small drug residue still present. Histopathologically: Photomicrograph of rat rectus abdominis muscle showing remnant of drug residues (black arrow), minimal leucocytic infiltrations (green head arrow), as well as congested blood capillaries at site of wound (yellow arrow). G-IV (Group treated with Zn/Al-LDH alone): Grossly: No congestion at the site of wound except abundant amount of non-absorbed residue of nanopowder (black arrow). Candle: Presence of drug residue (black arrow). Histopathologically: Photomicrograph of rectus abdominis muscle showing dilated blood capillary with edema (black arrow), with no congestion and mostly absence of leucocytic infiltrates.

    

    
    

    

    Plate 2: Showing the candling, gross examination, and histopathological
examination of the different four groups, one week (1w) postoperative.
G-I (Control group): Grossly: Instance of congestion associated with
minimal hemorrhagic spots, beginning of proliferative phase (black arrow)
at the site of induced wound.
Candle: Presence of prominent congested blood vessels at the site of wound
(two black arrows).
Histopathologically: Photomicrograph of rat rectus abdominis muscle
showing prominent congested blood capillaries (yellow arrow), as well as
leucocytic cells infiltrates mainly by neutrophils and macrophages as the end
of the inflammatory phase of wound healing (black arrow).
G-II (Group treated with Curcumin alone): Grossly: More or less normal
wound site, only the drug ruminants observed at the site of wound (black
arrow).
Candle: No congested blood vessels and drug residue present (black
arrow).
Histopathologically: Photomicrograph of rat rectus abdominis muscle
showing abundant leucocytic infiltrates at the site of induced wound.
G-III (Group treated with Curcumin loaded on Nano-material of Zn/Al
-LDH): Grossly: No congestion at the site of wound except small residue of
nano-powder.
Candle: No congested blood vessels but very small drug residue still
present.
Histopathologically: Photomicrograph of rat rectus abdominis muscle
showing remnant of drug residues (black arrow), minimal leucocytic
infiltrations (green head arrow), as well as congested blood capillaries at
site of wound (yellow arrow).
G-IV (Group treated with Zn/Al-LDH alone): Grossly: No congestion
at the site of wound except abundant amount of non-absorbed residue of
nanopowder (black arrow).
Candle: Presence of drug residue (black arrow).
Histopathologically: Photomicrograph of rectus abdominis muscle showing
dilated blood capillary with edema (black arrow), with no congestion and
mostly absence of leucocytic infiltrates.

In case of candling and macroscopic appearance after one month of surgery, mild congestion was observed in G.I (Plate 3), as the end of proliferative phase of wound healing. While in G-II (Plate 3), presence of mild congestion at wound site as the end of proliferative phase of wound healing with very small remnant of drug this coincide with [12] who reported that the curcumin has limited effect due to poor solubility and rapid metabolism. In G-III (Plate 3) Absence of congested blood vessels and complete dissolving of nanomaterial at the site of wound maximize the capability of Curcumin. In G-IV (Plate 3) Presence of Nano-powder residue and absence of congestion at the site of wound. While the microscopical examination of control group G-I (Plate 3) showed connective tissue proliferation and leucocytic infiltrates by lymphocytes considered the end of the proliferative phase disappearance and this coincide with who stated that there is an increase in fibroblasts during the proliferative phase in normal wound healing. In G-II (Plate 3) showed mild congested blood capillaries, In G-III (Plate 3) the microscopical examination of the wound site revealed minimal drug residue, connective tissue proliferation. In G-IV (Plate 3) showed drug residue associated with minimal congestion.

Plate 3: Showing the candling, gross examination, and histopathological examination of the different four groups, one month (1M) postoperative. One Month G-I (Control group): Grossly: Presence of mild congestion at the site of wound (black arrow). Candle: Presence of very few congested blood vessels at the site of wound (black arrow). Histopathologically: Photomicrograph of rectus abdominis showing connective tissue proliferation and leucocytic infiltrates by lymphocytes (H&E; Bar= 100 µm). G-II (Group treated with Curcumin alone): Grossly: Presence of mild congestion at the site of injury with very small remnant of particles (black arrow). Candle: (black arrow and head of arrow). Histopathologically: Photomicrograph of rectus abdominis showing mild congested blood, fatty infiltrates (H&E; Bar= 100 µm). G-III (Group treated with Curcumin loaded on Nano-material of Zn/ Al -LDH): Grossly: Absence of congested blood vessels and complete dissolving of nanomaterial at the site of wound (black arrow). Candle: Presence mild congested blood vessels and drug residue not present (white arrow). Histopathologically: Photomicrograph of rectus abdominis showing minimal drug residue, connective tissue proliferate with no congestion (H&E; Bar= 100 µm). G-IV (Group treated with Zn/Al-LDH alone): Grossly: Presence of Nanopowder residue and absence of congestion at the site of wound (black arrow). Candle: presence of drug residue (black arrow). Histopathologically: Photomicrograph of rectus abdominis showing wide gap distance with appearance of drug residue associated with minimal congestion (H&E; Bar= 200 µm).

    

    
    

    

    Plate 3: Showing the candling, gross examination, and histopathological
examination of the different four groups, one month (1M) postoperative.
One Month
G-I (Control group): Grossly: Presence of mild congestion at the site of
wound (black arrow).
Candle: Presence of very few congested blood vessels at the site of wound
(black arrow).
Histopathologically: Photomicrograph of rectus abdominis showing
connective tissue proliferation and leucocytic infiltrates by lymphocytes
(H&E; Bar= 100 µm).
G-II (Group treated with Curcumin alone): Grossly: Presence of mild
congestion at the site of injury with very small remnant of particles (black
arrow).
Candle: (black arrow and head of arrow).
Histopathologically: Photomicrograph of rectus abdominis showing mild
congested blood, fatty infiltrates (H&E; Bar= 100 µm).
G-III (Group treated with Curcumin loaded on Nano-material of Zn/
Al -LDH): Grossly: Absence of congested blood vessels and complete
dissolving of nanomaterial at the site of wound (black arrow).
Candle: Presence mild congested blood vessels and drug residue not
present (white arrow).
Histopathologically: Photomicrograph of rectus abdominis showing minimal
drug residue, connective tissue proliferate with no congestion (H&E; Bar=
100 µm).
G-IV (Group treated with Zn/Al-LDH alone): Grossly: Presence of Nanopowder
residue and absence of congestion at the site of wound (black arrow).
Candle: presence of drug residue (black arrow).
Histopathologically: Photomicrograph of rectus abdominis showing wide
gap distance with appearance of drug residue associated with minimal
congestion (H&E; Bar= 200 µm).

Some tissue components can emit autofluorescence when examined under fluorescent microscope including health smooth muscle fibers (normal muscle bundles ) and collagen [13].

Our results prove that when occur examination of healthy area of smooth muscle bundles under fluorescent microscope, emit the intrinsic autofluorescence but loose this ability when become degenerated and suffer from hyalinosis as Plate (4) in all groups G-I, G-II, G-III, while when the degenerative change reversed the autofluorescence ability of the smooth muscle fiber can be restored like in G-IV.

As employing the autofluorescence ability of collagen bundles present between two edges of the induced wound in muscle displaying a distant clear gap could be determined by using image j software Plate (4), our results showed that the shortest length was in G-IV (Nanomaterial) = 451.100, after that G-II (Curcumin only) = 514.674, G-I (Control) = 753.335, then G-III (Curcumin associated with nanomaterial )= 862.503 respectively, that is to say the lowest scar tissue formation and less collagen production was in group G-IV. While in G-III the largest scar tissue formation and collagen production.

Collagen production and release begin on the 3rd day and continue for 3 weeks. Collagens released from fibroblasts and their cross-linkage enhances wound tension strength. The amount and quality of collagen synthesis determine the wound tension strength, which is the mechanical integrity of the wound. The final phase of wound healing is the remodeling phase, which is characterized by the reorganization of collagen fibrils and gradually increasing wound tension strength [27-29]. An increase in wound tension strength positively affects wound healing in primary wounds [27,29].

An increase fibrosis and collagen amount at the wound site do not always result in improved healing because an irregular sequence of collagen fibers can have a negative effect on wound healing [30,31].

In case of collagen deposition in G.I (Plate 4), the amount was large but it was irregular where the tensile strength of the muscle fibers very low, as well as presence of high number of blood capillaries confirm that this the end of proliferative phase with characteristic granulation tissue with high vasculature and early collagen deposition and this result coincide with [27] who explained the reduced wound strength was due to the irregular collagen fibers that arranged during the early period of wound healing even it was in high amount. While in G-II (Plate 4), the tensile strength of the muscle fibers is more as minimal vasculature considered the end of proliferative phase of wound healing, but collagen deposition was less regular than G-III and G-IV (Plate 4).

Plate 4: Showing auto fluorescence results under fluorescent microscope of the different four groups, one month postoperative. Data analysis of microphotographs of the four groups using image j software.

    

    
    

    

    Plate 4: Showing auto fluorescence results under fluorescent microscope of the different four groups, one month postoperative. Data analysis of microphotographs
of the four groups using image j software.

Plate 5: Figure (G-I): Control group showing collagen autoflourescence between healing edges of rectus abdominis muscle, which measured by image J software = 753.335, high number of blood capillaries Bl. Cap., associated with edema, and hyalinosed muscle fibers Ms (x200). Figure (G-II): Curcumin group showing collagen autoflourescent between healing edges of rectus abdominis muscle, which measured by image J software = 514.674, blood capillaries Bl. Cap. and more or less normal muscle fibers Ms (x200). Figure (G-III): Crucium + Zn Al- LDH group showing collagen autoflourescent between healing edges of rectus abdominis muscle, which measured by image J software = 862.503, large sized debris of the reminant powder in the tissue D, and hyalinosed muscle fibers Ms (x200). Figure (G-IV): Zn Al LDH group showing collagen autoflourescent between healing edges of rectus abdominis muscle, which measured by image J software = 451.100, large blood capillary Bl. Cap., small sized debris of reminant powder in tissue D, and restored muscle fibers to health state Ms (x200).

    

    
    

    

    Plate 5: Figure (G-I): Control group showing collagen autoflourescence
between healing edges of rectus abdominis muscle, which measured by
image J software = 753.335, high number of blood capillaries Bl. Cap.,
associated with edema, and hyalinosed muscle fibers Ms (x200).
Figure (G-II): Curcumin group showing collagen autoflourescent between
healing edges of rectus abdominis muscle, which measured by image
J software = 514.674, blood capillaries Bl. Cap. and more or less normal
muscle fibers Ms (x200).
Figure (G-III): Crucium + Zn Al- LDH group showing collagen autoflourescent
between healing edges of rectus abdominis muscle, which measured by
image J software = 862.503, large sized debris of the reminant powder in the
tissue D, and hyalinosed muscle fibers Ms (x200).
Figure (G-IV): Zn Al LDH group showing collagen autoflourescent between
healing edges of rectus abdominis muscle, which measured by image
J software = 451.100, large blood capillary Bl. Cap., small sized debris of
reminant powder in tissue D, and restored muscle fibers to health state Ms (x200).

In case of G.III and G-IV (Plate 4), the regularity of collagen deposition proved, but the amount of this collagen differ where the fact of the largest regular collagen fibers the more increased tensile strength of the wound equal the more improved wound healing that displayed in G-III (Plate 4) (Curcumin associated with nanomaterial) where the length of regular collagen fibers was = 862.503 after that G-IV (Plate 4) (Nanomaterial) = 451.100 the length of regular collagen fibers. So from all these data observed that the best wound healing was in G-III, G-IV, G-II, and then G-I respectively.

According to the histopathological investigation intramuscular implantation of Zn/Al-LDH cause no cytotoxicity for the local tissues around the inserted drugs or materials with no presences any signs of inflammatory response related to the materials antigenicity and confirmed by candling which confirmed the tissue integration with functional neovessels and without local microcirculatory dysfunction these results come in accordance with [32]. To the best of our knowledge, this is only one paper reports about the usage of imaging to access indirectly the biocompatibility & wound healing of materials implanted in living tissues.

The rate of wound healing ability, biocompatibility, Antiinflammatory, No Antigenicity and excellent contraction rate of wound gab edges observed in Zinc Aluminum nanomaterial which confirmed by measuring their emitting to florescence and tensile muscles strength. The cause of theses good characters due to nature of zinc ion as considered as Kosmotrope ions which established stronger charge-dipole interactions with local water than chaotropes ions, form this point zinc ion modify the protein present in the wound area and promoting different function help healing and anti-inflammatory effects [33]. Besides the protein structure can be influenced by the nature on both anions and cations incorporated in the LDH structure [34].

On the same ground Zinc Aluminum nanomaterial help rapid wound healing through the formation of type-III fibers or reticular fibers around the implanted drugs. In addition to this fibers Zn/ Al help in protein formation in the extracellular matrix, such as fibronectin. Fibronectin has a zinc-dependence binding domain called Gelatin-Binding Domain (GBD) in its structure, that interact with and help the Collagen formation [35]. The interaction of Zn2+ with collagen is reported in the literature [36].

The positive Charge present on the surface of Zn/Al LDH has an important role in the interaction between the inorganic materials and biomolecules or proteins which help tissue repair [37]. These proteins also of negative charge and help more electrostatic interactions with the Zn/Al LDH [32]. Besides the good healing activity and biocompatibility observed through the candling, histopathologically in m 4ouscles strength and in florescence emission might also attributed to the alkaline pH of the synthesized LDH as the acidic environment impair, prevent and restrict the cellular activity responsible for wound healing and tissue repair [32]. So maintenance of the alkaline media through the slowly dissociated LDH decreases the local tissue acidosis and helps the normal cell response [32].

In the Curcumin pure materials alone also the healing process were very good with good biocompatibility and no antigenicity, these might be attributed to the ability of Curcumin in increasing the cellular Proliferation and collagen synthesis at the wound site [38] confirmed by the candling and histopathological investigation besides their muscles strength and florescence emission. In addition Curcumin possesses significant antioxidant activity; the prevention of oxidation in tissues helps rapid and good healing process [39]. This antioxidant ability in Curcumin could be attributed to the phenolic and the methoxy groups in conjunction with the 1,3-diketone conjugated diene system, for scavenging of the oxygen radicals [40].

On the other hand when Curcumin loaded on Zn/Al LDH nanomaterial; the healing activity takes more time as prolonged their duration of action with delayed activity so this Nano composite very good in chronic wound treatment not acute one as Curcumin alone. This prolongation to the duration of action might be attributed to the role of the LDH which demonstrated a slow and a sustained release of the Curcumin in an acidic medium (wound site) leading to prolongation to the duration of action and decrease the absorption rate [41]. The divalent metals as zinc responsible for the positive charge on the LDH surface, thus making the intercalation with negatively charged drugs [42]. So due to the LDH structure casing a controllable sustained anion exchange which is pH dependent and mandatory for the controlled-release properties of this system leading to decreasing the absorption rate and prolongation to the duration of action [43]. Also previous literature studies demonstrated the successful intercalation of chemically isolated Curcumin into LDH and showed its slow release behavior [41]. On the same way presence of a large amount of Zn2+, the GBD domain captures a greater quantity of zinc ions slowing down the formation of fibronectin protein. This process lead to the delay formation of mature collagen fibers which cause the fibers to clump linger [32].

Drug release of the nanomaterials usually delayed for prolongation to the duration of action; from this point of view the release of the pure Curcumin and Curcumin/LDH nanoparticles had been measured. Nanoparticles improve bioavailability, sustained delivery and targeting of Curcumin to the particular site by delaying its release to the circulation and limiting effects to target cell. In our results and as shown in [44,45], The in-vitro Release of free Curcumin was rapid within 24 hour (>87%), incorporation of free Curcumin into Nano layers of LDH retarded this release up to 56% which indicates the controlled release of Curcumin from the LDH layers which lead to prolongation to the duration of action; that’s is the main reason for presence of drug or nanomaterials remnants in the wound sites in both nanomaterial and Curcumin loaded on the nanomaterial.

Conclusion

Zn/Al LDH, Curcumin and Curcumin nanohybrid revealed good tissue repair in acute and chronic wounds with good biocompatibility and healing activity with collagen formation, in addition to prolongation to the duration of action of the loaded materials or drugs with LDH nanomaterial in a controlled release manner.

Supplementary Data

Present Supplementary data for the preparation method.

The Consent to Publish Section

• Animal handling methods, including weighting and gavage procedures were carried out in accordance with and were approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee, Faculty of veterinary medicine, Beni- Suef University (Protocol of Animal Rights for Laboratory Experiments).

• No case studies were reported in this article

Availability of Data and Material

The authors emphasize the availability of data and materials

Author Contribution

This study was designed, directed and coordinated by A Farghali and M Fathy., as the principle investigators, provided conceptual and technical guidance. R Mahmoud and N Mohamed planned and performed the preparation and characterization of the used materials; the data analysed with S El-Dek. F Abo El-Ela2 and N Safwat planned and performed the application experiments and the data analyzed with H. A. El-Banna.

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Citation: Mahmoud R, Safwat N, Fathy M, Mohamed N, El-Dek S, El-Banna H, et al. Novel Anti-Inflammatory and Wound Healing Controlled Released LDH-Curcumin Nanocomposite Via Intramuscular Implantation, In-Vivo Study. Austin J Pharmacol Ther. 2021; 9(4).1145.