Case Report
Austin J Plant Bio. 2024; 10(1): 1048.
Adaptation study of Garlic (Allium sativum L.) Varieties in the Highland Areas of Guji Zone, Southern Oromi, Ethiopia
Miressa Mitiku*; Arega Amdie; Solomon Teshome
Oromia Agricultural Research Institute, Bore Agricultural Research Center, Ethiopia
*Corresponding author: Miressa Mitiku Oromia Agricultural Research Institute, Bore Agricultural Research Center, Ethiopia. Email: miremitiku2020@gmail.com
Received: March 19, 2024 Accepted: April 19, 2024 Published: April 29, 2024
Abstract
Garlic (Allium sativum L.) is the second most widely used Allium next to onion with a wide area of adaptation and cultivation throughout the world including Ethiopia. In despite of this, the production and Productivity of the crop is low in the study area with the lack of improved varieties. This study was conducted to evaluate the growth and yield performance of garlic varieties at two farmers’ fields in Abayi Kuture and Raya Boda. The goal was to identify high-yielding, disease-resistant/tolerant garlic varieties for the highland Guji Zone. Four improved Garlic varieties Holetalocal, Chefe, Tsedey, and Kuriftu and one Local check were evaluated. The treatments were arranged in randomized completed block design (RCBD) with three replications. Combined Analysis of variance indicated highly significant differences (P= 0.01) among studied varieties for Days to Maturity, Plant height, BW, Number of Cloves bulb-1, Marketable and Total Yield and Significant difference (P= 0.05) for Leave Length and Clove Weight while non-significant (P>0.05) for Leave number and Unmarketable yield. The highest marketable yield (3918kgha-1) was recorded from Local check followed by Chefe Variety (1263.7kgha-1) but the lowest yield (1144.6kgha-1) from Holeta Local Variety. GGE biplot analysis showed that PC1 and PC2 explained 99.10% and 0.90% of the GGE variance with Local check best stability. So, the collection, evaluation and characterization of landrace accessions will be necessary in the study area.
Keywords: Adaptation; Garlic; Improved variety; Spice; Stability
Introduction
Garlic is a small underground bulb crop. Botanically it is known as Allium sativum and is a member of Alliaceae or Liliaceae family [21]. Garlic (Allium sativum L., 2n=16) belongs to the family Alliaceae and is the second most widely used Allium next to onion [17]. Garlic has a wide area of adaptation and cultivation throughout the world [7]. Garlic is an ancient crop originated in Central Asia and is distributed widely throughout the temperate, warm temperate and boreal zones of the northern hemisphere. The species has been already grown and consumed in ancient Egypt and Rome. And China is by far the largest producer of garlic, with around 20 million tons grown annually accounting for over 81% of world outputs. India (4.6%) and South Korea (1.4%) follow, with Egypt (1.2%) on fourth place. Ethiopia is the seventh producer in the World by producing 222,548 tons annually [25].
Allium crops are planted in many parts of Ethiopia, including East and West Gojam Zones of the Amhara Regional State and it has been used long ago as vegetable and spice for flavoring a variety of Ethiopian local dishes. And it is used as traditional medicine for relief from any painful condition occurring inside the body. Today, the importance of garlic is well known all over the world, especially in pharmaceutical industries as well as botanicals against some plant diseases and insect pests [27].
Garlic is one of the most popular spices in the world. In the First World War, garlic was widely used as an antiseptic to prevent gangrene and today people use garlic to help prevent atherosclerosis and improve high blood pressure [9]. It is reported that in ancient Egypt, the workers who had to build the great pyramids were fed garlic daily, and the Bible mentions that the Hebrews enjoyed their food with garlic. It provides protection against various types of cancers. Garlic is a wonder remedy for treating fever, coughs, headache, stomach ache, hemorrhoids, asthma and bronchitis, low as well as high blood sugar and snakebites. Thus, garlic is a rich source of bioactive compounds, which meets the basic nutritional needs of an individual in day-to-day life [21].Garlic is widely cultivated throughout the world including Ethiopia. According to Tewodros et al., 2014 the total area under cultivation in the world was 1,199,929 ha with a production of 17,674,893 tones where as in Ethiopia, CSA 2018/19 states that area under production reaches 21,754.49ha and the production is estimated to be production 1,957,400.45 [4]. During cropping season the total area under production reaches 15,979.54ha and the production is estimated to be 1,149,446.97 quintals (EAA, 2021).
In Ethiopia, Garlic is adapted to cool climates as high as 3000 masl and large sized bulbs are produced in cool highlands of North Shewa, Arsi, North Gondor, Bale and sidama. Rain falls about 600 to 700mm and optimum temperature 12°c to 24°c are required during growing period. Garlic withstands moderate frost and well-drained soils. Soils with high organic matter content are preferred due to their increased moisture and nutrient holding capacity, and less to prone to crusting and compaction. Suitable soil pH for garlic production ranges between 6.0 to7.5 [2].
Genetic diversity is required for populations to adapt to environmental changes. Large populations of naturally out breeding species usually have extensive genetic diversity, but it is usually reduced in populations and species of conservation concern [1]. Climate can have a significant impact on garlic flower stalk formation as well as garlic taste [21]. Characterization is of fundamental importance in diversity studies in a variety of different ways. For evaluation of species diversity, it is essential that individuals can be classified accurately. The identification of taxonomic units and endangered species, whose genetic constitution is distinct from their more abundant relatives, is important in the development of appropriate conservation strategies. In the population studies, molecular tools like molecular markers or genetic markers are being used to identify whether the two individuals are from the same species or are from the specific parents and estimating the degree of relatedness among individuals [1].
Even though, Garlic is one of the main Alliums vegetable crops known worldwide with respect to its production and economic value, and it is used as a seasoning in many foods worldwide and without garlic; many of our popular dishes would lack the flavor and character that make them favorites [8], the production and Productivity of the crop low in the study area. The lack of improved varieties and proper garlic production in highland area of Guji Zone is also other constraints. By considering these problems of garlic production and Productivity in the study area, and Suitable agro-ecology in highland area of Guji Zone, there is lack of research activity conducted to evaluate the adaptability of garlic varieties. In order to increase its production and productivity and to increase income of farmers, it is important to conduct adaptability of improved garlic varieties to highland area of Guji Zone. Therefore, this study was conducted with objective of to evaluate, and select the best performing, high yielding and disease resistant/tolerant garlic varieties for the study areas of Guji Zone.
Materials and Methods
Description of the Experimental Site
The field experiment was carried out during the 2021 and 2022 cropping season at Abayi Kuture and Raya boda on- farm. The first experimental site was located at Bore district (Abayi Kuture) kebele. The second experimental site was located at Anna sora district, (Raya Boda) kebele at the distance of about 30 km east of the town of Bore in Raya Boda ‘Kebele’ just on the side of the main road to Addis Ababa via Adola town.
Treatments and experimental Design
The experiment was consisted four improved Garlic varieties; Holeta local, Chefe, Tsedey and Kuriftu which brought from Ethiopian Agriculture Research Institute, Debre Zeit Agricultural research Center and one local check. The treatments were arranged in Randomized Completed Block Design (RCBD) with three replications. A plot size of 2 m x 1.5 m and spacing of 30cm and 20cm between rows and plants respectively as well as five rows per plot and 50 cloves per plot were used. The three middle rows used for data collection whereas disease data collected from the whole plot. Fertilizer rates of 200 kg ha-1 NPSB and 150 kgha-1 Urea was applied. Urea was applied in split. All relevant management practices were carried out following the recommendation of the crop.
Data Collected
The following data were collected and analyzed over year and location. phenology: Days to physiological maturity, Growth: Plant height PH (cm), Leaf length (LL) (cm), Number of leaves per plant (LN), Yield and yield component: Average bulb weight (g), Number of cloves per bulb, Clove weight per bulb (g), Marketable yield (kg/ha), Unmarketable yield (kg/ha), Total yield (kg/ha) and Garlic rust disease scored using 0-5 scoring scales should be pre transformed to percentage value described as 1(0%), 2(15%), 3(50%), 4(85%) and 5(100%) and then percentage values should be transformed and Arc Sine before statistical analysis.
Data Analysis
The collected data were analyzed by using Gen stat 18th edition software and mean separation by using LSD test at 5% level of significant.
Result and Discussion
Days Maturity
Similar to Yebirzaf et al. (2017) research, in the study there was a highly significant difference among varieties (P= 0.01) for days to maturity over a year and location, while it was non-significant for their interaction (Table 1). The highest mean (134.83) days to maturity recorded from Tsedey followed Kuriftu varieties, while the lowest (131.5) came from local check and chefe varieties (Table 2).
SV
Parameters
DM
PH
LL
NL
BW
NCB
CW
Mydkgha
Unmydkgha
Tydkgha
Var
29.85**
59.02**
45.48*
3.34ns
21.63*
337.79*
0.63**
1761.24*
22.78ns
1839.08*
Rep
4.01ns
11.38ns
17.61ns
0.61ns
22.89ns
55.59ns
0.32ns
40.40ns
22.75ns
100.37ns
Loc
232.06**
172.55*
109.35*
1.35ns
742.64*
165.66*
2.41**
923.70*
1.90ns
1009.42*
Year
1881.60**
1253.55**
0.00ns
0.00ns
775.22*
441.18*
0.02ns
783.51*
204.72**
187.26ns
Var*Loc
24.35*
26.53ns
10.08ns
1.65ns
30.90ns
25.39ns
0.16ns
17.19ns
22.23ns
54.47ns
Var*Yr
7.39ns
134.35**
0.00ns
0.00ns
90.08*
62.38*
0.12ns
207.38ns
76.01*
317.01*
Var*Loc*Yr
6.16ns
70.21ns
0.00ns
0.00ns
56.68ns
27.45ns
0.25ns
201.38ns
53.49ns
83.98ns
Where,* = significant at (P=0.05), and **= significant at (P= 0.01), DM = number of days from emergence to physiological maturity, PH= Plant Height, NL= Number of Leaf, LL= Leaf length, BW= Bulb Weight, NCB= Number of Clove per Bulb, CW= Clove Weight, Mydkgha = Marketable Yield in Kilogramper hectare, Unmykgha = Unmarketable Yield in Kilogramper hectare, Tydkgha=Total Yield in kilogram per hectare
Table 1: The overall locations and year Analysis of Variance for different phenology, Growth, Yield and yield components of Garlic varieties in 2021/22 cropping season.
Varieties
Parameters
DM
PH
LL
NL
BW
NCB
CW
Mydkgha
Unmydkg/ha
Tydkg/ha
DS%
Kuriftu
134.42a
55.21ab
39.63ab
6.79a
16.62b
19.85c
1.71ab
1232b
466
1697b
19.44
Local
131.5b
56.19a
38.08bc
5.63b
28.99a
29.05a
1.81a
3918a
536
4455a
31.20
Chefe
131.5b
50.83b
36.67c
6.33ab
17.81b
16.92c
1.71ab
1264b
704
1967b
43.77
Holeta Local
133.42ab
52.27ab
41.42a
6.00ab
17.3b
16.38c
1.43bc
1145b
321
1466b
8.79
Tsedey
134.83a
54.73ab
37.13c
5.5b
18.27b
23.96b
1.26c
1205b
526
1731b
19.44
Means
133.13
53.85
38.58
6.05
19.80
21.23
1.59
1753
511
2263
24.50
LSD (5%)
3.00
6.42
3.49
1.39
6.39
5.62
0.49
1122
556
1308
25.9
CV
1.9
10.10
7.7
19.6
27.6
22.6
26.40
547
931
494
12.78
Where,* = significant at (P=0.05), and **= significant at (P= 0.01), CV = coefficient of variation, DM = number of days from emergence to physiological maturity, PH= Plant Height, NL= Number of Leaf, LL= Leaf length, BW= Bulb Weight, NCB= Number of Clove per Bulb, CW= Clove Weight, Mydqtha = Marketable Yield in kilogram per hectare, Unmyqtktha = Unmarketable Yield in kilogram per hectare, Tydqtha=Total Yield in kilogram per hectare DS= Disease Severity. Mean values sharing the same letter in each column for each factor have no-significant difference at 5% probability according to Duncan Multiple range test at 5% level of significance; CV (%) = Coefficient of variation, LSD (5%) = Least significant difference at5% probability.
Table 2: The overall locations and year (AbayiKuture and Raya Boda) mean values of phenology, Growth, Yield and yield components of Garlic varieties in 2021/22 cropping season.
Plant Height
The experiment showed a highly significant difference (P= 0.01) for plant height for varieties, year, and variety-to-year interaction, a significant difference (P= 0.05) for location, and a non-significant difference for variety-to-location to year interaction (Table 1). Similar findings were also reported by Asfand et al. (2019), as there was a significant difference between his treatments regarding plant height throughout their life cycle. The highest mean (56.19) was recorded from the local check, followed by Kuriftu (55.21) and Tsedey (54.73), while the lowest (50.83) was from the chefe varieties (Table 2).
Leaf Length
Analyzed data from the experiment showed a significant difference for leaf length (P= 0.05) for both location and year, while non-significant for other sources of variation (Table 1). The highest mean values for leaf length were recorded from Holeta Local (41.42) followed by Kuriftu (39.63) varieties, while the lowest leaf length was 36.67 from Chefe Variety (Table 2).
Leave Number
Analyzed data also showed that there was no significant difference in leaf number per plant between treatments. On the other hand, Weldemariam et al. (2017) reported that there was a significant difference between his treatments. Even though the result was statistically non-significant, there was numerical significance (Table 1). The highest result was recorded from Kuriftu (6.79), followed by Chefe (6.33), while the lowest result was recorded from Tsedey Variety (Table 2).
Bulb Weight
The analyzed data revealed a highly significant difference for bulb weight (P= 0.01) for varieties, year, and location and a significant difference at (P= 0.05) for the interaction of variety - location, while showing a non-significant difference for other source variation (Table 1). Sandhu et al. (2015) also reported a similar result from their studies, as bulb weight per plant is the most important yield-contributing component, and it showed much variability in garlic genotypes. The highest mean value for this trait was recorded from the local check (28.99), followed by the Tsedey variety (18.27) (Table 2).
Number of Clove per Bulb
The analyzed data also showed a highly significant difference (P= 0.01) for variety and year and a significant difference (P= 0.05) for location and variety-to-year interaction, while being non-significant for other sources of variation studied under this experiment (Table 1). Similar findings were reported by Muhammad et al. (2018), as there was a clear and significant variation in the number of cloves per bulb of different varieties. The highest mean values for this trait were recorded from the local check (29.05), followed by the Tsedey variety (23.96) (Table 2).
Cloves Weight
Analyzed data showed significant differences (P= 0.05) for clove weight between treatments while non-significant differences for other sources of variation (Table 1). Similar results were also reported by Fikru and Fikreyohannes (2019), but Tewodros et al. (2014), reported in contrast to this result in his findings. The highest mean values for clove weight were recorded from the local check (1.81), followed by Kuriftu and chefe variety (1.71) (Table 2).
Marketable Yield
Combined analysis of variance result showed highly significant differences (P= 0.01) for marketable yield per hectare and non-significant differences for other sources of variation (Table 1). The overall analyzed data indicated that the local check was superior over theimproved varieties in terms of marketable yield per hectare. The highest marketable yield (3918.3kgha-1) was recorded from the local check, while the lowest marketable yield (1144.6kgha-1) was recorded from Holeta local varieties. Chefe (1263.7kgha-1) and Kuriftu (1231.6kgha-1) varieties were ranked second and third by their marketable yield per hectare, respectively (Table 2). Similar result was reported by Sandhu et al. (2015), as the observed variation in the characters studied among all the genotypes were due to effect of genotypes and environment. The range of mean values based on phenotype expression could represent an approximate estimate of the variation or magnitude of divergence present among different genotypes.
Unmarketable Yield
Analyzed data showed non-significant differences between treatments while significant differences (P= 0.05) for year and interaction of variety with year (Table 1). Even though there was no statistically significant difference between the evaluated treatments, there was a numerical variation. The highest unmarketable yield (703.6 kgha-1) was recorded from Chefe, while the lowest unmarketable yield (3.21 qtha-1) was from Holeta local varieties (Table 2).
Disease Reaction
The highest disease severity mean percentage (43.77%) was scored from chefe variety while lowest (8.79%) from Holeta local variety (Table 3).
Stability
The GGE biplot analysis showed that PC1 and PC2 explained 99.10% and 0.90% of the GGE variance, respectively (Figures 1). Figure 1 helps visualize the marketable yield performance and stability of improved Garlic varieties and Local check. Accordingly, the GGE biplot showed that the Local check was in the first concentric circle, closer to the horizontal line, whereas others away from the mean vertical line, which indicates this Local check was stable and had a high yielder among tested varieties. The important feature of the GGE biplot is the Average Environment Coordinates (AEC) view of varieties to identify desirable varieties in an ideal environment. Varieties proximal to the arrow at the center of the concentric circles (ideal varieties) are assumed to be suitable. The important factor was that GGE biplot was the best way to visualize the interaction patterns between genotypes and environments (Yan and Kang, 2003).
Figure 1: GGE biplot analysis for Stability study.
Conclusion and Recommendation
The combined analysis of variance showed significant differences among varieties for all studied parameters, unless for the number of leaves and unmarketable yield parameters. The observed variation in the characters studied among all the Varieties were due to effect of genotype and environment. The local check was superior to all improved varieties in terms of Plant Height and Yield and Yield components and also showed best stable in tested environment to tested varieties. Even though the highest recorded marketable yield was not satisfied, based on the recorded data, the trial was completed by giving the following future research outlook: The superiority of the local check to improved varieties shows that there might be a high yield of landrace accessions in the study area. So, the collection and characterization of landrace accessions will be necessary in the study area.
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