A Brief Review of Endemic Fluorosis in Dromedary Camels (Camelus Dromedarius) and Focus on Their FluorideSusceptibility

Review Article

Austin J Vet Sci & Anim Husb. 2023; 10(1): 1117.

A Brief Review of Endemic Fluorosis in Dromedary Camels (Camelus Dromedarius) and Focus on Their FluorideSusceptibility

Choubisa SL*

Department of Advanced Science and Technology, National Institute of Medical Science and Research, NIMS University Rajasthan, India

*Corresponding author: Shanti Lal Choubisa Department of Advanced Science and Technology, National Institute of Medical Science and Research, NIMS University Rajasthan, Jaipur, & Former Post Graduate Department of Zoology, Government Meera Girls College, Udaipur, Rajasthan 313002, India

Received: January 02, 2023; Accepted: February 10, 2023; Published: February 17, 2023

Abstract

Chronic fluoride poisoning in the form of fluorosis in diverse species of domestic animals, viz. cattle (Bos taurus), water buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis), sheep (Ovis aries), goats (Capra hircus), horses (Equus caballus), donkeys (Equus asinus), and dromedary camels (Camelus dromedarius) is the resultant of prolonged consumption or exposure of high fluoride through drinking water, food, and air. In general, fluorosis can be recognised by the presence of dental mottling (dental fluorosis) and bone deformities (skeletal fluorosis). In animals, skeletal fluorosis often results in reduced mobility as a result of bone damages or changes due to exostosis, osteosclerosis, osteoporosis, and osteophytosis. In addition, fluoride-induced non-skeletal disorders like gastro-intestinal disturbances, neurological disorders, reproductive dysfunctions, apoptosis, excitotoxicity, genotoxicosis, and teratogenic effects have also been observed in fluorosed domestic and experimental animals. The maximum prevalence, 19.4% and 17.9% of dental and skeletal fluorosis at >3.0 ppm fluoride concentration in drinking water has been observed in domesticated dromedary camels in India, respectively. The prevalence and severity of fluorosis varies from one fluoride endemic region to another and depends on a number of determinants or factors. However, the major determinants are fluoride concentration and its frequency and duration of exposure, rate and density of bio-accumulation of fluoride, and food nutrients. Among different species of domestic animals, camels are found to be less susceptible to fluoride or have a relatively higher fluoride tolerance. In present communication, fluorosis in camels, determinants of fluoride toxicity, and fluoride susceptibility in camels are briefly and critically reviewed. Simultaneously, research gapes have also been highlighted for further research work on chronic fluoride intoxication in diverse species of animals. This review is significant for researchers in understanding of chronic fluoride toxicity in grazers (cattle and buffalo) and browsers (equines, flocks, and camels).

Keywords: Chronic fluoride toxicosis; Determinants; Dromedary camels (Camelus dromedarius); Fluoride; Fluorosis; Susceptibility

Introduction

It is well established, chronic exposure to high concentration of fluoride through drinking water, food, and air results in mild to severe fluoride poisoning in the form of dreaded fluorosis disease not only in humans [1-11] but also in diverse species of domestic animals included cattle (Bos taurus), water buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis), sheep (Ovis aries), goats (Capra hircus), horses (Equus caballus), donkeys (Equus asinus), and dromedary camels (Camelus dromedarius) [12-32]. Fluoride poisoning (fluorosis) in animals due to drinking of water having fluoride > 1.0 or 1.5 ppm is, generally, known to as hydrofluorosis, which is more prevalent and endemic in several countries [1]. Both hydrofluorosis and industrial fluorosis (caused by chronic exposure to industrial fluoride pollution) have been extensively studied in bovine (cattle and water buffaloes), equine (horses and donkeys) and flock (sheep and goats) animals throughout the world where there is endemic of fluoridated drinking water. However, studies on chronic fluoride toxicity (fluorosis) in dromedary camels are still very limited and reported only from a few countries [33-39].

Among different species of domestic animals, desert dromedary camels are unique animals and have different morphology, anatomy, and physiology. These dromedaries are well adapted to survive in extreme desert environment or ecosystem with extremely low and high temperatures and low annual rainfall. In fact, it is a wonderful animal of the desert, which has all the qualities that keep it alive in the desert, even without drinking water; it can survive for many days. Their estimated population size in the world is around 20 million which is lower than other domestic ruminants. Therefore, this may also be a reason why studies on fluorosis in dromedaries have not been done extensively. However, few scientific studies on chronic industrial fluoride poisoning (industrial fluorosis) have been well conducted in dromedary camels of Egypt [33,34]. Industrial fluorosis has also been studied in 86 dromedaries living in the industrial areas of Sahara of Morocco but not single dromedary camel was found to be afflicted with chronic industrial fluoride intoxication [35]. Later on hydrofluorosis in camels was first identified and reported from India by Choubisa in 2010 due to drinking of fluoridated water [36]. Subsequently, this form of fluorosis has also been reported in camels living in different geographical provinces of state of Rajasthan (India) where drinking groundwater sources have high level of fluoride [37-39].

Fluorosis in Dromedary Camels

Successive and prolonged exposure of high fluoride in dromedary camels leads to the development of mild to severe fluorosis disease. In fact, more than 50% absorbed fluoride is excreted in the form of stool, urine, and perspiration, while rest is retained in the body where it accumulates gradually in diverse organs of humans and animals. However, its highest accumulation in the body occurs in those organs, where the amount of calcium is found to be relatively high, such as in teeth and bones [40,41]. That is why the symptoms of fluorosis start emerging in these organs at the earliest. Nevertheless, the bio-accumulation of fluoride is also found in various soft tissues or organs of the body and develops various ill effects. Based on occurring of fluoride-induced changes in hard and soft organs, fluorosis has been categorised into three forms, namely dental fluorosis, skeletal fluorosis, and non-skeletal fluorosis. All three forms may occur in the same individual or animal suffering from chronic fluoride intoxication.

Dental fluorosis is a pathologic condition characterised by hypomineralization of the enamel due to excessive exposure to fluoride during enamel mineralization. In fact, dental fluorosis is first visible, irreversible, and diagnostic or clinical sign of chronic fluoride poisoning in man and animals [40,41]. Fluoride poisoning may occur regardless of the source of fluoride, but the appearance of dental fluorosis is nearly identical in humans and animals. In dental fluorosis teeth become mottled characterised with light to deep brownish or yellowish staining on the enamel surface of the teeth. In severe dental fluorosis, irregular wearing of teeth is also found. This staining is generally appeared bilaterally, homogenously, and horizontally striated form and rarely in the form of fine spots/dots in the almost all kind of domestic animals [40,41]. But in desert camels, this staining is appeared vertically and non-striated form (Figures 1 and 2). Due to limited studies in these animals, it is difficult to say that vertical and non-striated staining is found only in these animals. For its confirmation, more survey studied on chronic fluoride intoxication in camels is highly suggestive. Due to industrial fluoride exposure, 55 (48.24%) camels out of 114 were found to be afflicted with dental fluorosis in Egypt [35]. At 1.4- 3.3 ppm fluoride concentration in drinking waters, the highest incidence, 44.4% of dental fluorosis has also been reported in camels from India [36].