Research Article
Austin J Vet Sci & Anim Husb. 2018; 5(2): 1046.
Recovery of Brucella melitensis from Artificially Infected Dromedaries
Johnson B¹, Kinne J¹, Jose Sh¹, Pfeffer M², Shanmugaraja R¹, Pandarakandy Sh¹, Ali F¹, Maio E¹, Rodriguez Caveney M¹, Söllner NK¹ and Wernery U¹*
¹Central Veterinary Research Laboratory, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
²Institute for Animal Hygiene, University Leipzig, Germany
*Corresponding author: Wernery U, Central Veterinary Research Laboratory, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
Received: July 11, 2018; Accepted: August 30, 2018; Published: September 06, 2018
Abstract
Fourteen serological positive dromedaries intratracheally and intranasally infected with Brucella melitensis were euthanased 12 months after infection. A full necropsy was performed on all 14 dromedaries and 43 different organs from each dromedary tested for the presence of the pathogen using 2 selective Brucella media and 3 culture techniques as well as RT PCR.
From a total of 43 different organs 21 (49%) were culture negative and 22(51%) positive. The pathogen resided mainly in body lymph nodes. The highest culture result was achieved when the enrichment method was used. However, it is proposed, to use all 3 culture methods (direct, concentrated, enriched) as few specimens were also negative in the enrichment method but positive in the other methods. BHI is the ideal agar because the Brucella colonies are easier to identify than on Farrell’s agar. RT PCR is not sensitive enough to identify Brucella directly from organs as the pathogen concentration is very low. Culture is still the “gold standard’’ for the diagnosis of brucellosis.
Keywords: Dromedaries; Infected; Brucella melitensis
Introduction
Dromedary brucellosis is widespread in camel rearing countries and is preliminary caused by Brucella (B). melitensis. The pathogen has been mainly isolated from aborted fetuses, milk, hygromas [1] but rarely from dromedary organs of infected dams [2]. In connection with a serological investigation performed at CVRL, Dubai [3,4], we had the opportunity to culture the pathogen from a great number of organ tissues from 14 dromedaries infected with B. melitensis. The results of these investigations are presented here.
Materials and Methods
Fourteen non pregnant female dromedaries (Animal ID C1-C14) of different age (14-23 years) were intratracheally and intranasally infected with a B. melitensis strain, referred to as EM2 [3] belonging to the genetic group East Mediterranean (former African group). This strain was genotyped with multiple-locus variable number tandem repeat (MLVA) [5]. It was previously isolated from a dromedary placenta. The purpose of this infection experiment was the evaluation of serological tests for the in vivo diagnosis of dromedary brucellosis. All 14 infected dromedaries became serologically as well as blood culture positive and were euthanased 12 months after infection. A full necropsy was performed on all camels and 43 different organs were taken from each dromedary, totalling to 541 specimens from 14 dromedaries. Each panel of specimens included different lymphoid tissues, internal organs, neuronal tissues (brain and spinal cord), joint fluids of both tarsal and carpal joints, and all four udder cisterns. Each specimen was tested for the presence of B. melitensis, using 3 methods; the direct, the concentrated and the enrichment culture methods explained hereafter.
Two types of selective Brucella agars were used:
Farrell’s media (Brucella medium base CM0169, Oxoid, supplemented with filtered horse serum SHS100, E and O Laboratories, UK and Brucella selective supplement SR0083A, Oxoid) and Brain-Heart-Infusion agar (Brain Heart Infusion CM 1135, Oxoid, with 1% bacteriological agar and supplemented with filtered horse serum SHS100, E and O Laboratories, UK and Brucella selective supplement, SR0083A, Oxoid).
Direct culture method
The cut surface of specimens was streaked on the surface of the selective Brucella agar plates and 0.1ml of joint fluids was cultured by spread plate method on the Brucella selective agars mentioned above.
Concentration culture method
The specimens were finely minced and transferred into a sterile filter bag (Bag Page, Inter Science, France). Thirty ml of sterile PBS was added to it, then blended and homogenized in a Lab Blender Mixer (Inter Science, France) for 6 minutes at high speed. The filtrate was decanted into sterile 50ml Falcon tubes and centrifuged at 3000g for 30 min. The supernatant was discarded and 0.1ml of the sediment was streaked on the selective Brucella agar plates.
Enrichment culture method
A 1.0ml aliquot of the sediment which was used for the concentration culture method described above was transferred into 7ml of Trypticase Soy Broth (Merck 1.05459.0500) with Brucella selective supplement SR0083A (Oxoid) in a Greiner tube for incubation at 37°C for 6 days. After direct culture the remaining joint fluid was also enriched in Trypticase Soy Broth with Brucella supplements.
Incubation
All streaked plates and inoculated broth tubes were incubated at 37°C in an atmosphere of 5% CO2 for 6 days. After 6 days incubation, all plates were examined for the growth of typical Brucella colonies.
The enrichment broth was well homogenized and then 0.1ml of broth was quadrant streaked on selective Brucella agars. The streaked plates were incubated for another 6 days at 37°C in an atmosphere of 5% CO2. After 6 days of incubation, the plates were examined for growth of typical Brucella colonies.
PCR
A PCR for the detection of Brucella antigen was only performed on the original specimens and not on the concentrated or enriched specimens. Briefly, a small piece of tissue about 200mg was placed in an Eppendorf tube containing 2mm glass beads (Sigma, US) and 20ul of proteinase K (20mg/ml concentration from Qiagen protease, Germany) and 200μl ATL buffer (Qiagen, Germany) were added. Sample tube was vortexed thoroughly and incubated at 56°C for 1 hr. 300μl buffer AL (Qiagen, Germany) was added and sample tube vortexed for 15 secs after which 500μl of the sample was transferred to the MagNA Pure automated extraction platform (Roche Diagnostics Ltd, UK). DNA was extracted using MagNA Pure LV DNA extraction kit according to the manufacturer’s instructions. The DNA was finally eluted with 100μl of Magna pure elution buffer. The PCR was performed according to method described by Probert [6], using ABI 7500 DX machine.
Results
The results of our investigations are shown in Tables 1, 2 and 3.
Table 1 summarizes the results of B. melitensis culture and PCR from 43 different dromedary organs of 14 artificially infected dromedaries. From a total of 43 different organs cultured for Brucella bacteria, 21 (49%) were negative in culture and 22 (51%) harbored the bacteria. Following artificial infection with the pathogen, Brucella bacteria resided mainly in body lymph nodes (21%, 9/43), udder tissues and lymph nodes (16%, 7/43) and other tissues (12%, 5/43). An exception was one tarsal joint fluid, from which Brucella bacteria were isolated in numbers too numerous to count.
Organ number
Organ samples
Number of samples tested
Number of positive samples in RT PCR from original samples
Number of positive samples in culture
Number of negative samples in culture
1
Brain
13
0
1(7.7%)
12 (92.3%)
2
Right submandibular lymph node
13
0
3 (23%)
10 (77%)
3
Pharyngeal lymph node
14
0
2 (14.3%)
12 (85.7%)
4
Left pharyngeal lymph node
13
0
2(15.4%)
11 (84.6%)
5
Spinal cord
14
0
1(7.1%)
13 (92.9%)
6
Tonsil
13
0
0
13 (100%)
7
Trachea
12
0
0
12 (100%)
8
Prescapular lymph node dorsales
14
0
7 (50%)
7 (50%)
9
Prescapular lymph node ventrales
13
0
5(38.5%)
8 (61.5%)
10
Left Lung
14
0
1(7.1%)
13 (92.9%)
11
Right Lung
13
0
2(15.4%)
11 (84.6%)
12
Lymph node mediastinales medii
11
0
1(9.09%)
10 (90.9%)
13
Liver
14
0
0
14 (100%)
14
Spleen
14
0
3(21.4%)
11 (78.6%)
15
Heart
13
0
0
13 (100%)
16
Lymph node tracheobronchales medii
13
0
2(15.4%)
11 (84.6%)
17
Lymph node tracheobronchales sinistrii
12
0
1(8.3%)
11 (91.7%)
18
Lung Lymph node
11
0
3 (27.3%)
8 (72.7%)
19
Right kidney
14
0
0
14 (100%)
20
Left kidney
14
0
0
14 (100%)
21
Urinary bladder
13
0
0
13 (100%)
22
Intestine
13
0
0
13 (100%)
23
Lymphocentrum mesentericum craniale
13
0
0
13 (100%)
24
Lymphocentrum mesentericum caudale
11
0
0
11 (100%)
25
Small intestinal lymph node
12
0
0
12 (100%)
26
Right uterus
13
0
0
13 (100%)
27
Left uterus
13
0
0
13 (100%)
28
Left ovary
12
0
0
12 (100%)
29
Right ovary
11
0
0
11(100%)
30
Left hind udder
13
0
0
13 (100%)
31
Right hind udder
11
0
0
11 (100%)
32
Left front udder
13
0
1(7.7%)
12 (92.3%)
33
Right front udder
11
0
1(9.09%)
10 (90.9%)
34
Left udder lymph node
14
0
4 (28.6%)
10 (71.4%)
35
Right udder lymph node
11
0
2 (18.2%)
9 (81.8%)
36
Left front udder cistern
13
0
2(15.4%)
11 (84.6%)
37
Right front udder cistern
11
0
0
11 (100%)
38
Left hind udder cistern
14
0
2 (14.3%)
12 (85.7%)
39
Right hind udder cistern
12
0
1(8.3%)
11 (91.7%)
40
Left tarsal joint fluid
11
0
0
11 (100%)
41
Right tarsal joint fluid
12
1(8.3%)
1(8.3%)
11 (91.7%)
42
Left carpal joint fluid
11
0
0
11 (100%)
43
Right carpal joint fluid
11
0
0
11 (100%)
Table 1: Results of Brucella bacteria culture and PCR from 43 different organs of 14 artificially B. melitensis infected dromedaries.
The highest isolation percentage of Brucella bacteria was from prescapular lymph nodes dorsales and ventrales (50% & 39% respectively) followed by udder lymph nodes with 29%, lung lymph nodes with 27% and submandibular lymph nodes with 23%. There was no difference in the isolation frequency in connection with the route of infection.
Organ Number
Organ samples
Number of organ samples tested
Number of organ samples positive for Brucella and their percentage on 2 different Brucella selective media by 3 culture methods
Direct
Concentrated
Enrichment
Farrell's media
BHI agar media
Farrell's media
BHI agar media
Farrell's media
BHI agar media
1
Brain
13
0
0
0
1 (7.7%)
1 (7.7%)
1 (7.7%)
2
Right submandibular lymph node
13
0
0
1 (7.7%)
1 (7.7%)
3 (23.1%)
3 (23.1%)
3
Pharyngeal lymph node
14
0
0
2 (14.3%)
1(7.1%)
1(7.1%)
1(7.1%)
4
Left pharyngeal lymph node
13
0
0
0
2 (15.4%)
1 (7.7%)
1 (7.7%)
5
Spinal cord
14
0
0
0
1(7.1%)
1(7.1%)
1(7.1%)
8
Prescapular lymph node dorsales
14
0
1(7.1%)
4( 28.6%)
3 (21.4%)
7 (50%)
7 (50%)
9
Prescapular lymph node ventrales
13
0
0
2 (15.4%)
4 (30.8%)
4 (30.8%)
4 (30.8%)
10
Left Lung
14
0
0
0
0
1(7.1%)
1(7.1%)
11
Right Lung
13
0
0
0
1 (7.7%)
2 (15.4%)
2 (15.4%)
12
Lymph node mediastinales medii
11
0
0
0
0
1 (9.1%)
1 (9.1%)
14
Spleen
14
0
0
1(7.1%)
0
2 (14.3%)
2 (14.3%)
16
Lymph node tracheobronchales medii
13
0
1 (7.7%)
1 (7.7%)
0
2 (15.4%)
2 (15.4%)
17
Lymph node tracheobronchales sinistrii
12
0
0
0
1 (8.3%)
0
0
18
Lung Lymph node
11
0
0
2 (18.2%)
1 (9.1%)
3 (27.3%)
3 (27.3%)
32
Left front udder
13
0
1 (7.7%)
1 (7.7%)
1 (7.7%)
1 (7.7%)
1 (7.7%)
33
Right front udder
11
0
0
0
1 (9.1%)
0
0
34
Left udder lymph node
14
0
0
0
4 (28.6%)
3 (21.4%)
3(21.4%)
35
Right udder lymph node
11
0
0
1 (9.1%)
2 (18.2%)
2 (18.2%)
2 (18.2%)
36
Left front udder cistern
13
1 (7.7%)
1 (7.7%)
1 (7.7%)
1 (7.7%)
2 (15.4%)
2 (15.4%)
38
Left hind udder cistern
14
0
0
0
0
2 (14.3%)
2 (14.3%)
39
Right hind udder cistern
12
0
1 (8.3%)
0
0
0
0
41
Right tarsal joint fluid
12
1 (8.3%)
1 (8.3%)
1 (8.3%)
1 (8.3%)
1 (8.3%)
1 (8.3%)
Total
282
2(0.7%)
6 (2.1%)
17(6.02%)
26 (9.2%)
40 (14.2%)
40 (14.2%)
Table 2: Isolation of Brucella melitensis from 22 positive organs of 14 artificially infected serological positive dromedaries on 2 different agars by 3 different culture methods.
Table 2 summarizes the results of 3 different culture methods (direct, concentrated, enriched) on 2 different selective agars from organs from 14 necropsied dromedaries. In total 43 organs were tested (Table 1) out of which 22 were cultured positive (51%, Table 1). Specimens derived from these positive organs gave sometimes inconsistent culture results, as from some dromedaries the same specimens were positive and negative in others.
Table 3 shows the results in detail. There were two dromedaries (C6, C14) from which B. melitensis was isolated from only one organ as well as two dromedaries (C2, C5) from which B. melitensis was isolated from 10 organs. Despite repeated culture, from 4 no B. melitensis was isolated.
Number of positive organs
Number of dromedaries
Animal ID
Organs from which B. melitensis was isolated (see Table 1 for organ number)
0
4X
C3, C10, C11, C12
Nil
1
2x
C6
8
C14
41
2
1X
C4
4, 8
3
2X
C1
1, 3, 5
C9
8, 9, 34
5
1X
C8
2, 9, 11, 14, 39
6
1x
C13
8, 9, 16, 34, 36, 38
7
1X
C7
8, 9, 10, 14, 18, 34, 35
10
2X
C2
2, 8, 9, 14, 18, 32, 33, 35, 36, 38
C5
2, 3, 4, 8, 11, 12, 16, 17, 18, 34
Table 3: Number of dromedaries and organs from which Brucella melitensis was isolated; organs denoted by organ number against each dromedary.
When using direct method (Table 2), only 2 (9%, 2/22) organs including tarsal joint fluid were positive on Farrell’s agar compared to 6 on BHI agar (27%, 6/22) including the 2 positive organ/tarsal joint fluid from Farrell’s media.
When the concentration method was used, 11 organs were positive on Farrell’s agar (50%, 11/22) and 16 on BHI agar (73%, 16/22). With this method, however, 2 organs cultured positive on Farrell’s agar were negative on BHI agar and B. melitensis was only isolated from the right udder cistern on BHI agar with direct method.
There was no isolation difference between Farrell’s and BHI media, when the enrichment method was used. A total of 19 organs were B. melitensis positive on both the media (95%, 19/22). Only 3 organs were negative using this method, but positive with the BHI concentration method (2x) and BHI direct method (1x).
A total of 282 specimens from 22 positive organs from 14 dromedaries were tested. Table 2 shows the summarized results of how many specimens were positive. The highest isolation success was 40 (14.2%) positive specimens with the enrichment technology.
Except for the right tarsal joint of one dromedary with a joint swelling from which numerous B. melitensis colonies were directly isolated, the remaining specimens contained only 2-4 colonies per agar plate on direct culture. When concentration method was used, the number of B. melitensis per plate increased to between 2-18 colonies and when enriched, B. melitensis was isolated in numbers too numerous to count.
Discussion
Extreme care must be exercised when working with Brucella as humans are highly susceptible to brucellosis and laboratory infections are not rare. Brucella is an intracellular organism with fastidious growth requirements in vitro, which makes its isolation on culture media difficult. Hence, proper culture techniques and right selection of selective media are mandatory for Brucella isolation. For the isolation of Brucella bacteria, liquid specimens like milk or stomach content can be inoculated straight onto selective media, whereas tissue samples should be finely minced and homogenized in a blender and aliquots used for culture as Brucella bacteria are intracellular organism. Although Brucella melitensis grows well on blood agar, most specimens tested may contain many different bacterial and sometimes fungal species and therefore selective media are required for the isolation of this pathogen. We were fortunate with our investigation, as all 43 organs collected from each euthanased dromedary camel were immediately cultured after necropsy.
Our investigations showed that whenever testing a carcass for brucellosis, specimens should be taken from at least 22 different organs mentioned in Table 2, as it is unpredictable which organ may harbor the pathogen.
For the culture of Brucella bacteria from organs, we choose Farrell’s and Brain-Heart-Infusion (BHI) agars which possess the same antibiotics and antifungal ingredients which are in the selective supplement SR0083A from Oxoid.
Even though, the selective supplements were the same for BHI and Farrell’s media, it was observed that BHI media was less inhibitory to Brucella bacteria compared to Farrell’s media. The Brucella colonies were easier to identify on BHI media as the colonies appear larger, honey-comb colored and translucent in white light after 6 days incubation. On Farrell’s media the colonies appear small or tiny after 6 days of incubation leading to chances of not detecting them. These differences can only be explained by the different compositions of Farrell’s and BHI media. BHI media contains brain infusion solids and di-sodium phosphate which are not added to the Farrell’s media.
Although there was no isolation difference found between the enrichment technology with Farrell’s and BHI agars, the ideal method for the isolation of B. melitensis from dromedary organs is the enrichment method using BHI agar as the Brucella bacteria are easier to detect.
However, also the enrichment method did not always detect all Brucella-positive organs. Therefore, it is proposed to include all three methods direct, concentration and enrichment methods when Brucella isolation from organs is required.
Interestingly, when 282 specimens from 22 positive organs were tested directly with RT PCR, all results were negative except one tarsal joint fluid. From this tarsal joint of one infected dromedary which was severely swollen, numerous B. melitensis colonies were directly isolated. The low concentration of Brucella organisms in original specimens is the reason why all RT PCR were negative. The low sensitivity of Brucella RT PCR has been described previously [7]. RT PCR on concentrated or enriched specimens was not performed as it was obvious that these 2 culture methods alone would identify the positive specimens.
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